Comparison 1. Antioxidants versus placebo/standard therapy.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Cardiovascular mortality	3	1323	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.95 [0.70, 1.27]
2 All‐cause mortality	5	1727	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.76, 1.14]
3 Cardiovascular disease	4	1550	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.78 [0.52, 1.18]
4 Coronary heart disease	4	1550	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.42, 1.23]
5 Cerebrovascular disease	3	1323	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.91 [0.63, 1.32]
6 Peripheral vascular disease	2	330	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.54 [0.26, 1.12]
7 Serum creatinine	5	234	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.10 [‐1.81, ‐0.39]
8 Mean change in GFR	4	195	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	14.53 [1.20, 27.86]
9 ESKD	2	404	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.50 [0.25, 1.00]
10 Adverse events	3	557	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.26 [0.74, 6.95]
11 Cancer	2	423	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.07, 15.39]