Comparison 4. Subgroup analysis: Clinical outcomes by CKD stage.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Cardiovascular disease by CKD stage	4	1550	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.78 [0.52, 1.18]
1.1 CKD	2	1220	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.06 [0.84, 1.32]
1.2 Dialysis	2	330	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.57 [0.41, 0.80]
2 Cardiovascular death by CKD stage	3	1323	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.95 [0.70, 1.27]
2.1 CKD	1	993	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.70, 1.40]
2.2 Dialysis	2	330	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.42, 1.66]
3 Mortality by CKD stage	4	1500	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.76, 1.14]
3.1 CKD	1	993	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.90 [0.69, 1.18]
3.2 Dialysis	2	330	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.77, 1.56]
3.3 Transplant	1	177	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.62 [0.32, 1.21]
4 Cerebrovascular events by CKD stage	3	1323	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.91 [0.63, 1.32]
4.1 CKD	1	993	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.71, 1.39]
4.2 Dialysis	2	330	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.59 [0.23, 1.52]
5 Coronary disease by CKD stage	4	1550	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.42, 1.23]
5.1 CKD	2	1220	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.97 [0.74, 1.28]
5.2 Dialysis	2	330	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.48 [0.21, 1.11]