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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 23.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Biomater. 2021 Apr 3;133:74–86. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.062

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

The future of OA and RA immunoengineering will ultimately harness the combined strength of cell and biomaterial immunoengineering strategies to improve upon the use of current anti-inflammatory and anti-cytokine therapies. Furthermore, the inclusion of genetic engineering in both cell and biomaterial systems to alter resident or exogenous cell behavior offers additional potential to these therapies, while the use of iPSCs provides an ever-expanding platform with which to develop personalized and disease-specific treatments. Abbreviations: FLS: Fibroblast-like synoviocytes; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells; iPSC: Induced pluripotent stem cell; NK: Natural killer cell; NSAIDS: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.