Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Total (n = 26,065) | Urban (n = 9155) | Rural (n = 16,910) | P value for urban-rural difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) or Mean (SD) | N (%) or Mean (SD) | N (%) or Mean (SD) | ||
| Outcome | ||||
| Cognitive function | 14.86 (5.46) | 16.05 (5.27) | 14.22 (5.45) | < 0.001 |
| Community-level SES variables | ||||
| Percentage of the illiterate (%) | 11.90 (12.69) | 9.11 (9.97) | 13.41 (13.72) | < 0.001 |
| Per-capita net income, Yuan | 4895.66 (5751.73) | 6802.77 (7306.49) | 3863.15 (4365.55) | < 0.001 |
| Community-level SES | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.38 (1.03) | −0.20 (0.92) | < 0.001 |
| Community-level SES, n (%) a | < 0.001 | |||
| Low | 8685 (33.32) | 1697 (18.54) | 6988 (41.32) | |
| Middle | 8683 (33.31) | 2741 (29.94) | 5942 (35.14) | |
| High | 8697 (33.37) | 4717 (51.52) | 3980 (23.54) | |
| Individual-level SES variables | ||||
| Years of schooling, years | 5.14 (4.56) | 6.37 (4.74) | 4.49 (4.32) | < 0.001 |
| Per household income, Yuan | 8910.97 (20,379.19) | 13,830.77 (28,937.33) | 6247.42 (12,909.19) | < 0.001 |
| Individual-level SES | −0.00 (1.00) | 0.33 (1.24) | −0.18 (0.78) | < 0.001 |
| Individual-level SES, n (%) a | < 0.001 | |||
| Low | 8685 (33.32) | 2027 (22.14) | 6658 (39.37) | |
| Middle | 8691 (33.34) | 2545 (27.80) | 6146 (36.35) | |
| High | 8689 (33.34) | 4583 (50.06) | 4106 (24.28) | |
| Community-level sociodemographic variables | ||||
| Percentage of residents with non-agricultural work (%) | 52.39 (24.64) | 74.42 (22.58) | 40.46 (15.96) | < 0.001 |
| Health care facilities, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 24,529 (94.11) | 7964 (86.99) | 16,565 (97.96) | |
| Yes | 1536 (5.89) | 1191 (13.01) | 345 (2.04) | |
| Handicapped access | 1.91 (1.43) | 2.52 (1.68) | 1.58 (1.14) | < 0.001 |
| Outdoor exercise facilities, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 17,972 (68.95) | 4183 (45.69) | 13,789 (81.54) | |
| Yes | 8093 (31.05) | 4972 (54.31) | 3121 (18.46) | |
| Voluntary social organizations | 0.97 (1.15) | 1.68 (1.28) | 0.59 (0.86) | < 0.001 |
| Libraries | 0.58 (0.61) | 0.74 (0.63) | 0.49 (0.58) | < 0.001 |
| Rooms for card games and chess games, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 17,316 (66.43) | 3961 (43.27) | 13,355 (78.98) | |
| Yes | 8749 (33.57) | 5194 (56.73) | 3555 (21.02) | |
SES socioeconomic status
aVariable was treated as a continuous variable but is presented categorically for descriptive purposes