Table 3.

Direct, indirect, and total effects of the pathways between community-level SES and cognitive function (N = 26,065)

Effects	Estimate (95% CI)
Total effects	0.380 (0.179, 0.570)
Direct effects	0.265 (0.100, 0.430)
Total indirect effects	0.111 (0.036, 0.184)
Specific indirect effects
Community-level SES → Individual-level SES → Cognitive function	0.108 (0.057, 0.156)
Community-level SES → Handicapped access → Cognitive function	0.000 (− 0.009, 0.009)
Community-level SES → Health care facilities → Cognitive function	0.000 (− 0.015, 0.009)
Community-level SES → Outdoor exercise facilities → Cognitive function	0.023 (0.000, 0.056)
Community-level SES → Voluntary social organizations → Cognitive function	0.001 (− 0.021, 0.025)
Community-level SES → Libraries → Cognitive function	−0.002 (− 0.022, 0.009)
Community-level SES → Rooms for card games and chess games → Cognitive function	−0.014 (− 0.059, 0.006)

Multilevel structural equation models adjusted for the percentage of residents with non-agricultural work at the community level, age, sex, residence, occupation, marital status, ADLs at the individual level. The estimates are omitted for simplicity

SES Socioeconomic status, CI Confidence interval