Table 3.

LMM development by the changes in serum 25(OH)D level from baseline to subsequent visit (n  = 131,595). P = 0.326 for the overall interaction between sex and sex and serum 25(OH)D levels for incident low muscle mass (multivariable-adjusted model 2).

25(OH)D levels (nmol/L)		Person-years	Incident cases	Incidence density (/103 PY)	Age- and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI)	Multivariable-adjusted HRa (95% CI)		HR (95% CI)b in a model with time-dependent variables
Visit 1	Visit 2					Model 1	Model 2
Total
<50	<50	212,785.0	4157	19.5	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
≥50	<50	33,319.2	556	16.7	0.85 (0.78–0.93)	0.85 (0.78–0.93)	0.84 (0.77–0.92)	0.86 (0.78–0.94)
<50	≥50	63,741.6	1001	15.7	0.80 (0.75–0.86)	0.85 (0.80–0.92)	0.85 (0.79–0.91)	0.87 (0.81–0.93)
≥50	≥50	60,559.7	956	15.8	0.79 (0.74–0.85)	0.81 (0.75–0.87)	0.81 (0.75–0.87)	0.84 (0.78–0.90)
Women
<50	<50	101,903.1	2262	22.2	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
≥50	<50	10,964.2	201	18.3	0.83 (0.72–0.95)	0.81 (0.70–0.93)	0.88 (0.76–1.02)	0.87 (0.75–1.01)
<50	≥50	25,365.8	410	16.2	0.73 (0.66–0.81)	0.76 (0.69–0.85)	0.80 (0.72–0.89)	0.84 (0.75–0.93)
≥50	≥50	15,201.1	257	16.9	0.75 (0.66–0.85)	0.75 (0.66–0.86)	0.83 (0.72–0.94)	0.89 (0.78–1.01)
Men
<50	<50	110,881.9	1895	17.1	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
≥50	<50	22,355.0	355	15.9	0.93 (0.83–1.04)	0.84 (0.75–0.94)	0.83 (0.74–0.93)	0.85 (0.76–0.95)
<50	≥50	38,375.8	591	15.4	0.90 (0.82–0.99)	0.93 (0.85–1.03)	0.90 (0.82–0.98)	0.89 (0.81–0.97)
≥50	≥50	45,358.6	699	15.4	0.88 (0.81–0.97)	0.82 (0.75–0.90)	0.80 (0.74–0.88)	0.82 (0.76–0.90)

^aEstimated using Cox proportional hazard models. The multivariable model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, centre, year of screening examination, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, education level, and BMI; model 2: model 1 plus adjustment for medication for hyperlipidaemia, medication for diabetes, multivitamin supplement, vitamin D supplement, and calcium supplement. ^bEstimated using Cox proportional hazard models with categories of serum 25(OH)D levels, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI, medication for hyperlipidaemia, medication for hyperlipidaemia, medication for diabetes, multivitamin supplement, vitamin D supplement, and calcium supplement as time-dependent variables and baseline age, centre, year of screening examination, and education level as time-fixed variables.

HR, hazards ratio; LMM, low muscle mass; PY, person-years.