TABLE 5.

Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of significant differential milk metabolites among control and inulin groups^a

Metabolites	KEGG pathway	P value	FDR
Downregulated
(±)12,13-DiHOME	Linoleic acid metabolism	0.003	0.034
Leukotriene E3	Arachidonic acid metabolism	0.001	0.009
20-Carboxy-leukotriene B4	Arachidonic acid metabolism	1 × 10−4	0.003
12-Oxo-c-LTB3	Arachidonic acid metabolism	0.001	0.009
CDP-DG [18:2(9Z,11Z)/i-14:0]	Phospholipid metabolism	0.002	0.024
PI [18:0/20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)]	Phospholipid metabolism	0.002	0.025
CDP-DG [18:1(11Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)]	Phospholipid metabolism	0.004	0.042
Okadaic acid	–	–	–
Valyl-proline	Protein degradation	0.002	0.027
Substance P	Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction	0.004	0.046
Upregulated
l-Phenylalanine	Phenylalanine metabolism	0.001	0.018
	ABC transporters	0.003	0.037
Benzoic acid	Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis	0.005	0.049
	Phenylalanine metabolism	1.00 × 10−4	0.003
	Tryptophan metabolism	infinitesimal	infinitesimal
2-Aminobenzoic acid	Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis	0.005	0.049
l-Tryptophan	Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis	0.005	0.049
	Tryptophan metabolism	infinitesimal	infinitesimal
3-Methyl pyruvic acid	Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism	0.003	0.036
	Cysteine and methionine metabolism	0.001	0.031
Aminohippuric acid	Phenylalanine metabolism	1.00 × 10−4	0.003
Propionic acid	Carbohydrate digestion and absorption	0.004	0.041
	Propanoate metabolism	0.001	0.023
	Phenylalanine metabolism	1.00 × 10−4	0.003
Hydroxyphenyllactic acid	Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis	0.002	0.039
	Tyrosine metabolism	0.007	0.061
Pyroglutamyl-isoleucine	Peptide and amino acid metabolism	0.006	0.054
Citric acid	Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)	0.001	0.038
	Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism	0.006	0.057
Aconitic acid	Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)	0.004	0.038
	Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism	0.006	0.054
Isocitrate	Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)	0.002	0.038
l-Carnitine	Fatty acid degradation	0.005	0.047
(R)-3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine	Fatty acid degradation	0.005	0.049
Beta-d-lactose	Galactose metabolism	0.002	0.037
Gamma-tocotrienol	Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis	0.002	0.031
PGA1	Eicosanoid metabolism	0.002	0.033
8-Iso-15-keto-PGE2	Eicosanoid metabolism	0.006	0.052
Melleolide C	–	–	–

^aPGA1, prostaglandin A1; ABC transporters, ATP binding cassette transporter; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle; –, the KEGG pathway was unknown; FDR, false discovery rate.