TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics per study cohort
| Control (n = 191) | CKD G4/5 (n = 162) | Dialysis (n = 159) | KTR (n = 288) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 115 (60.2) | 60 (37.0) | 53 (33.3) | 128 (44.4) |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 176 (94.1) | 140 (86.4) | 134 (85.4) | 263 (91.6) |
| Age, y | 58.5 ± 13.0 | 60.6 ± 13.4 | 59.8 ± 14.3 | 56.1 ± 14.0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.6 ± 5.3 | 27.9 ± 5.0 | 26.8 ± 5.6 | 26.9 ± 4.6 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 146.7 ± 22.7 | 150.6 ± 23.9 | 139.1 ± 25.2 | 146.6 ± 21.1 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 84.6 ± 11.7 | 83.9 ± 11.7 | 78.0 ± 16.4 | 84.7 ± 10.9 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 32 (16.9) | 25 (15.4) | 39 (24.5) | 29 (10.1) |
| Current alcohol consumption, n (%) | 111 (59.0) | 63 (39.1) | 34 (21.5) | 117 (40.9) |
| Number of comorbidities | 0 (0–1) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 52 (27.2) | 132 (81.5) | 106 (67.1) | 233 (80.9) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 18 (9.4) | 45 (27.8) | 39 (24.5) | 61 (21.2) |
| History of coronary artery disease | 9 (4.7) | 34 (21.0) | 36 (22.8) | 38 (13.2) |
| Heart failure | 3 (1.6) | 12 (7.4) | 11 (7.0) | 13 (4.5) |
| Chronic lung disease | 16 (8.4) | 16 (9.9) | 17 (10.8) | 15 (5.2) |
| History of malignancya | 11 (5.8) | 20 (12.3) | 38 (24.1) | 44 (15.3) |
| Autoimmune disease | 4 (2.1) | 3 (1.9) | 5 (3.2) | 15 (5.2) |
| Lymphocytes, 109/L | 2.0 (1.6–2.5) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 82.1 ± 18.9 | 17.7 ± 6.1 | – | 49.3 ± 18.8 |
| Primary renal diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
| Primary glomerulonephritis | – | 18 (12.6) | 17 (12.5) | 57 (22.0) |
| Pyelonephritis | – | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (1.9) |
| Interstitial nephritis | – | 7 (4.9) | 5 (3.7) | 9 (3.5) |
| Familial/hereditary renal diseases | – | 26 (18.2) | 19 (14.0) | 57 (22.0) |
| Congenital diseases | – | 6 (4.2) | 5 (3.7) | 19 (7.3) |
| Vascular diseases | – | 34 (23.8) | 30 (22.1) | 29 (11.2) |
| Secondary glomerular/systemic disease | – | 4 (2.8) | 8 (5.9) | 14 (5.4) |
| Diabetic kidney disease | – | 12 (8.4) | 22 (16.2) | 10 (3.9) |
| Other | – | 29 (20.3) | 25 (18.4) | 41 (15.8) |
| Unknown | – | 19 (11.7) | 22 (13.9) | 29 (10.1) |
| Dialysis characteristics, n (%) | ||||
| Hemodialysis | – | – | 116 (73.0) | – |
| Peritoneal dialysis | – | – | 43 (27.0) | – |
| Time on dialysis, mo | – | – | 30.8 (12.9–75.0) | – |
| Transplant characteristics | ||||
| First kidney transplant, n (%) | – | – | – | 227 (78.8) |
| Time after last transplantation, y | – | – | – | 6.9 (2.6–13.3) |
| Last transplant | ||||
| Living, n (%) | – | – | – | 200 (69.4) |
| Preemptive, n (%) | – | – | – | 107 (37.1) |
| Number of immunosuppressive agents | – | – | – | 3 (2–3) |
| Immunosuppressive treatment, n (%) | ||||
| Steroids | – | – | – | 219 (76.0) |
| Azathioprine | – | – | – | 34 (11.8) |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | – | – | – | 197 (68.4) |
| Calcineurin inhibitor | – | – | – | 236 (81.9) |
| mTOR inhibitor | – | – | – | 17 (5.9) |
| Other | – | – | – | 5 (1.7) |
| Induction with rituximab last year | 2 (0.7) |
Variables are presented as mean ± SD, or as median (interquartile interval) in case of nonnormal distribution.
aIncluding melanomas, excluding all other skin malignancies.
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; KTR, kidney transplant recipient; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; SBP, systolic blood pressure.