Extended Data Fig. 4. Membrane transport in vesicles in dependence on the sequence of cargo–carrier addition.

a, c, Transport kinetics (120 μM pyrenebutyrate and 130 μM B₁₂Br₁₂²⁻) and b, d, dose–response curves of pyrenebutyrate (upper panels) and B₁₂Br₁₂²⁻ (bottom panels) for the transport of WR₇ (20 μM) for a “conventional” (first carrier, then cargo, black, solid lines) vs a reverse addition (first cargo, then carrier, red, dashed lines). The transport kinetics (a) and efficiency (b) is strongly and adversely affected for pyrenebutyrate, but not for B₁₂Br₁₂²⁻ (c, d).

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