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. 2021 Sep 12;18(3):952–967. doi: 10.1007/s12015-021-10252-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — The mechanism of effect of ADSCs and ADSC-Exos on the biological characteristics of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Four main mechanisms are summarized: (1) ADSCs and ADSC-Exos can inhibit the inflammatory response of macrophages and T cells, thereby attenuating the release of inflammatory factors, which in turn attenuates the response of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts to inflammation. (2) miRNA secreted by ADSCs and miRNA containde by ADSC-Exos can enter fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, then directly participate in the transcription and translation of genes. (3) ADSCs secrete various cytokines, which are involved in the regulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts through different signaling pathways. (4) ADSCs and ADSC-Exos promote angiogenesis, which enhance oxygen uptake by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, then optimize the metabolism of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. “” and “+” stand for inhibition and promotion, respectively