Table 1.

Exosomes in treatment of brain strokes, ischemic brain, brain injury and epilepsy

Disease	Objectives of the study	Activity	Outcomes	References
AIS	Examining the effect of AIS on exosomal miRNAs	Expression levels of exosomal miRNAs in stroke and non-stroke patients were analysed	Expression of miRNA-134 was significantly higher in AIS patients	[112]
Ischemic Stroke (IS)	Characterizing the phase of IS depending on the expression of different miRNAs	Expression levels of exosomal miRNAs in patients with HIS, AIS, SIS and RIS were analysed	Expression of miRNA-21-5p in SIS and RIS, and miRNA-30a-5p in HIS was higher than controls	[114]
Cerebral Ischemia	Examining the potential of ADSC-exosomal miRNA as a treatment approach for cerebral ischemia	ADSC-exosomal miRNA was administered to MCAO rats and behavioural tests and cell activity assays were performed	ADSC-exosomal miRNA-126 regulated neurogenesis and neuroinflammation	[117]
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)	Examining levels of protein biomarkers in TBI patients	Exosomal levels of tau, p-tau in plasma of veterans with mTBI and rTBI were analysed	Exosomal tau and p-tau levels were elevated in rTBI compared to mTBI	[122]
TBI	Examining levels of NfL in TBI patients	Exosomal levels of NfL, TNF-α and ILs were analysed in veterans with rTBI	rTBIs were associated with elevated levels of exosomal NfL	[123]
Epilepsy	Examining the use of exosomal proteins to study epilepsy	F9, THBS1 and APP levels were analysed in plasma exosomes	Expression of F9 was higher in epilepsy patients and THBS1 was lower in epilepsy patients compared to controls	[126]
Epilepsy	Examining the potential of MSC exosomes as a treatment approach for epilepsy	Pilocarpine-induced epilepsy mice models were treated with MSC exosomes	MSC exosomes have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties	[129]