Table 3.

Exosomal cargos as potential diagnostic markers and therapeutics for glioblastoma

Disease	Objective	Activity	Outcome	References
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)	Investigation of safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis	Preclinical studies on PD-1 expression in GBM mouse models	Significant tumour regression and long-time survival of animals	[208]
Proneural GBM	Effect of IDH-1 mutations, 1p19q deletion, MGMT promoter methylation and EGFRvIII amplification in patients	Frequent testing of IDH-1 mutants in routine clinical practice in GBM patients	Retardation of DNA repair in tumour cells by inducing apoptosis	[209]
Glioblastoma	Investigation of the role of GSC-EXs in promoting the angiogenic function of ECs through the miR-21/VEGF signal	Quantification of total mRNA by RT-PCR and VEGF signals by ELISA	Triggered the angiogenesis by stimulating the VEGF pathway	[210]
GBM	Detection of the enhancement of chemosensitivity to temozolomide through exosomal transfer of miR-151a	Direct targets of miR-151a were identified by microarray assays, bioinformatics and further RNA chromatin immunoprecipitation (RNA-ChIP) assay	In formerly normal cells, temozolomide resistance was induced	[211]
GBM	Diagnosis of chemoresistance in GSCs	Induction of CD133, CD44	Acted as probable markers for chemoresistance	[212]
GBM	Investigation of the effect of the hypoxic microenvironment and adenosine on MDR mechanisms	Induction of MDR mechanisms	Induced chemoresistance phenotype	[212]
GBM	Identification of markers like ANXA1, ITGB1, CALR, PDCD6IP, PSMD2, ACTR3, APP and CTSD in aggressive tumours by using glioblastoma derived extracellular vesicles	EVs secreted by GBM cells were isolated and analysed by quantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry	Stimulated invadopodia and favoured invasive capacity	[213]