Table 3.

Comparison of VAS scores within groups and between groups at the end of the study [Mann–Whitney U test was used for testing each two groups. There were no significant differences between each two groups, except between low gluten and high gluten diet for abdominal pain (p = 0.002), and mid gluten and high gluten diet for impact on community function (p = 0.003)].

Group A									Group B			Group C			p-value†
Low-gluten (n = 7)			Mid-gluten (n = 9)			High-gluten (n = 9)			GFD (n = 15)			GCD (n = 10)
Baseline	End	p-value*	Baseline	End	p-value*	Baseline	End	p-value*	Baseline	End	p-value*	Baseline	End	p-value*
Pain (severity)
4 ± 2.9	5.4 ± 2.8	0.11	4.1 ± 3.5	3.3 ± 2.9	0.28	2.4 ± 2.1	1 ± 1.1	0.14	2.9 ± 2.8	2 ± 2.2	0.02	1.1 ± 1.6	1.9 ± 2.3	0.13	0.02
Pain (frequency)
4.6 ± 4.2	7 ± 3.7	0.10	1.3 ± 1.5	1.3 ± 1.5	1	0.7 ± 0.5	1 ± 1.4	0.68	1.9 ± 2.4	2.3 ± 3.3	0.54	0.7 ± 1.1	2 ± 2.8	0.07	0.048
Bloating
3.1 ± 2.9	3.6 ± 2.6	0.92	4.4 ± 1.9	4.1 ± 1.5	0.49	2.7 ± 2.1	2 ± 2.2	0.35	3.5 ± 2.6	2.5 ± 2.1	0.03	2.3 ± 2.8	3.5 ± 3.9	0.12	0.35
Satiety
2.3 ± 1.9	4.1 ± 2.5	0.12	2.4 ± 1.6	2.7 ± 1.2	0.67	1.7 ± 1.7	1.9 ± 2	0.71	3.6 ± 2.2	3.1 ± 1.9	0.08	2.3 ± 1	3.8 ± 3.1	0.04	0.20
Impact on community function
3.4 ± 2.6	4.3 ± 2.8	0.34	4.8 ± 2.1	5.1 ± 1.5	0.52	2.9 ± 2	2.1 ± 1.6	0.39	3.6 ± 2.6	2.7 ± 2	0.07	2 ± 1.6	3 ± 2.3	0.06	0.02
Defecation (times/day)
1 ± 1	0.9 ± 0.7	0.71	1.3 ± 0.5	1 ± 0.5	0.26	1.6 ± 1	2 ± 1.1	0.19	1.8 ± 1.9	1.4 ± 0.7	0.74	1.3 ± 1.1	1.3 ± 0.8	1	0.87
Defecation (type)
3.6 ± 1.6	3.4 ± 1.6	0.32	3.8 ± 1.2	4.2 ± 0.7	0.4	4 ± 0	4.4 ± 0.9	0.16	3.9 ± 0.7	3.8 ± 0.8	0.68	4.1 ± 0.7	3.9 ± 0.9	0.59	0.15
Total score
47.1 ± 19.8	54.3 ± 16.2	0.27	51.1 ± 11.9	51.1 ± 15.6	0.75	45.6 ± 15.9	27.8 ± 12.8	0.05	44.3 ± 22.6	37.7 ± 18.9	0.06	38 ± 20	42.5 ± 21.8	0.29	0.054

*p-value for comparison within each group using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test.

^†p-value for between-groups comparison using the Kruskal–Wallis test.