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. 2022 Mar 23;12:5004. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09109-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of saffron extract and crocin on MPO activity, MDA content, and GSH levels. (a) The significant increase in activity of MPO in TBI, saffron TBI and crocin TBI groups and shows the relative decline in MPO activity in saffron TBI and crocin TBI groups compared to the TBI group. MDA content is expressed in (b). The level of MDA is significantly high in the TBI, saffron TBI, and crocin TBI groups. (c) GSH levels in the experimental groups. TBI caused a significant decrease in GSH levels while saffron and crocin treatment restored normal GSH levels. Both treatments were significantly effective in reducing MDA levels. Data are represented as means of three determinations ± SD. (****) corresponds to p-value < 0.0001.