Table 1.
Demographics and neuropsychological measures (mean (SD)) for veterans with penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI) and healthy controls.
| Variables\group | pTBI n = 193 | No lesion group n = 52 | Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 58.23(2.84) | 59.13 (3.44) | U = 4526.5, p = 0.35, RBC = − 0.09 |
| Education (years) | 14.77 (2.54) | 15.22 (2.51) | U = 4526.5, p = 0.35, RBC = − 0.09 |
| Handedness (R:L:A)a | 160:27:6 | 42:7:3 | X2(2,N=193) = 5.899, p = 0.21 |
| Neuropsychological | |||
| Pre-injury IQb | 60.71 (25.44) | 68.06 (21.52) | U = 2413.5, p = 0.13, RBC = − 0.17 |
| Cognitive Theory of Mindc | 0.40 (3.29) | − 0.08 (3.45) | t(243) = 0.93, p = 0.35, d = .145 |
| Affective Theory of Mindd | − 21.95 (15.06)* | − 16.11 (11.70)* | U = 3816.5, p = 0.08, RBC = − 0.24 |
| Working memorye | 97.21 (14.91)* | 105.71 (12.57)* | U = 3267, p < 0.001, RBC = − 0.33 |
| Verbal comprehensionf | 106.48 (15.64) | 110.02 (11.86) | U = 4417, p = 0.18, RBC = − 0.12 |
*Denotes significant group difference p < 0.05.
aHandedness (L:R:A), Left, right and ambiguous.
bPercentile score of Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT).
cHappe’s Strange stories task: difference score between ToM and Control condition. Lower score reflects lower ToM performance.
dFaux Pas stories task: difference score between ToM and Control condition. Lower score reflects lower ToM performance.
eWAIS Working Memory Index score.
fWAIS Verbal Comprehension Index score.