Table 10.

List of flavonoids with antifungal effect and their mechanism of action.

Flavonoids	Mechanism of action	References
Baicalein	Disrupt plasma membrane induce apoptosis Elevates ROS	[120] [241] Tsang et al., 2010
Catechin	Activate phosphatidylserine Inhibits fatty acid synthase Increase ROS Induce apoptosis Mitochondrial depolarization DNA fragmentation	[57]
Glabridin	Decrease cell size Increase membrane permeability DNA fragmentation Chromatin condensation	[179]
Wogonin	Accumulate ROS in mitochondria Decrease membrane potential Reduce ATP synthesis	[58]
Resveratrol, curcumin and quercetin	Inhibit oxidative phosphorylation t Increase ROS in mitochondria Modulate transcription factors activity Control mitochondrial proteins’ expression Exhibit proapoptotic functions Upregulate Bcl-2 expressions Downregulate anti-apoptotic proteins	[192], [193] [73] [78]
Apigenin	Disrupt plasma membrane Inhibit cell cycle	[142]
Chrysazin Alizarin	Suppress biofilm formation Inhibit hyphal formation Inhibit the cell cycle	[167]
Honokiol Magnolol	Inhibit effects on the cell cycle and biofilm-formation	[250]
Daphnegiravone D	Inhibit cell division Arrest G0/G1 phase Induce apoptosis Reduce CDK2, CDK4 and cyclin E1, expression Increase caspase 3 and PARP	[270]
Baicalein	Inhibit lipooxygenase Inhibit efflux pump	[97]
diorcinol D	Inhibit efflux pump decrease Cdr1 expression	[148]
Apigenin, luteolin, wogonin, tangeritin, baicalein scutellarein, chrysin,	Inhibit efflux pumps Induce cell death	[293] [241] [238]
sedonan A	Inhibit efflux pumps Disturb various intracellular transcription	[29]
Dorsmanin	Inhibit efflux pumps	[174]
5-flurocytosine	Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis formation of fluorinated pyrimidine metabolites, deficit of cytosine deaminase Deregulate pyrimidine biosynthesis	[185]
Catechin	Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis Reduce the hypha-specific gene expression Inhibit FCS-induced hyphal formation	[229]
Myricetin, kaempferol, fisetin, luteolin naringenin genistein	Inhibit filamentous fungus Cochliobolus lunatus Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis	[40]
Apigenin	Interfere with the translational activity of fungal foot-and-mouth disease	[213]
Carvacrol	Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis Disrupt the cellular cytoplasmic membrane Induce apoptosis	[305]
Lico A	Biofilm formation Inhibit glucan synthase, ergasterol synthesis and efflux pumps Induce apoptosis Disrupt cell wall	[37]
Fisetin	Inhibit ergasterol biosynthesis	[223]
Isoquercetin	Bind to ergosterol and disrupt cell membrane	[129]
Baicalein	Biofilm formation	[38] [135]
Glabridin	Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis	[44]
Apigenin	Inhibit glyoxylase cycle Induce cell shrinkage	[142]
Silymarine	Disrupt membrane Increase membrane permeability Decrease membrane fluidity Membrane depolarization and K+ leakage	Yun and Lee 2018