Table 12.
List of flavonoids with antimicrobial effect and their mechanism of action.
| Flavonoids | Mode of action | References |
|---|---|---|
| Silymarin | Inhibit ATP synthase | [75] |
| Chalcon | Inhibit NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity | [86] |
| Quercetin | Inhibit refflux pumps Decrease lipid peroxide Inhibit DNA gyrase and protein kinase Disrupt cell membrane |
[46] [242] [257] |
| Apigenin | Inhibit peptidoglycan crosslinking Inhibit dehydratase and protein kinas |
[242] |
| Naringenin | Disrupt membrane Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis |
[64] |
| Epicatechin | Inhibit dihydrofolate reductase Inhibit quorum sensing |
Cushnie et al., 2011 |
| Myricetin | Inhibit helicase | [239] |
| Luteolin | Inhibit topoisomerase |
[272] [79] |
| Kaempferol | Inhibit bacterial virulence | [176] |
| Taxifolin | Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis and fatty acid synthase | [76] |
| Glabridin | Inhibit DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase | [17] |
| Emodin | DNA damage | [63] |
| Catechin | Disrupt cell membrane Damage cytoplasmic membrane by perforation |
[217] |