Table 3.
Associations of health and economic hardships and safety net programme participation with early-pandemic risk of household food insecurity*
| Pre-pandemic food secure | Pre-pandemic risk of food insecurity | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | 95 % CI | aRR† | 95 % CI | RR | 95 % CI | aRR† | 95 % CI | |
| Health and economic hardships | ||||||||
| Family member diagnosed or had symptoms of COVID-19 | 0·9 | 0·3, 2·2 | 1 | 0·4, 2·8 | 0·8 | 0·5, 1·4 | 0·9 | 0·6, 1·5 |
| Change in income in past month | ||||||||
| No change/increased | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Decreased | 2·9 | 1·7, 4·8 | 2·5 | 1·5, 4·1 | 1·4 | 1, 1·9 | 1·3 | 0·9, 1·7 |
| Change in employment in past month | ||||||||
| No change | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Reduced hours | 2·5 | 1·4, 4·4 | 2·1 | 1·2, 3·6 | 1·3 | 0·9, 1·8 | 1·1 | 0·8, 1·5 |
| Temporary or permanent job loss | 2·4 | 1·3, 4·3 | 2·3 | 1·2, 4·4 | 1·3 | 0·9, 1·8 | 1 | 0·7, 1·4 |
| Safety net programmes | ||||||||
| Unemployment insurance | ||||||||
| Received | 1·1 | 0·5, 2·5 | 1 | 0·4, 2·4 | 1·3 | 1, 1·8 | 1·4 | 1·1, 1·9 |
| Did not receive | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| CARES stimulus payment | ||||||||
| Received‡ | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·1 | 0·5 | 0·3, 0·9 | – | – | ||
| Expecting/not expecting‡ | Ref | Ref | Ref | – | ||||
| Pre- to early-pandemic change in SNAP participation | ||||||||
| Stopped participating‡ | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Started participating | 2·1 | 0·9, 4·8 | 0·8 | 0·2, 2·8 | 1·1 | 0·6, 2·1 | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·5 |
| Participated pre- and early-pandemic | 3·4 | 1·8, 6·3 | 2·2 | 0·9, 5·5 | 1·7 | 1·2, 2·3 | 1·2 | 0·9, 1·7 |
| Never participated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Pre- to early-pandemic change in WIC participation | ||||||||
| Stopped participating‡ | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Started participating‡ | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Participated pre- and early-pandemic | 2·5 | 1·2, 5·5 | 1·4 | 0·6, 3·3 | 1·4 | 1·1, 1·9 | 1·1 | 0·8, 1·5 |
| Never participated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Pre- to early-pandemic change in school meal participation | ||||||||
| Stopped participating | 0·5 | 0·3, 0·9 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·3 | 0·8 | 0·6, 1·1 | 0·9 | 0·7, 1·2 |
| Started participating‡ | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Participated pre- and early-pandemic | 0·1 | 0, 0·4 | 0·2 | 0·1, 0·9 | 0·3 | 0·1, 0·9 | 0·6 | 0·2, 1·4 |
| Never participated | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
RR, relative risk; aRR, adjusted relative risk; CARES, Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
Associations modelled using Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Boldface indicates statistical significance (P < 0·05).
Adjusted for demographic characteristics: caregiver race/ethnicity, locale, percent federal poverty line during early-pandemic and change in federal poverty line percentage from pre- to early-pandemic.
Estimates for cells with ten or fewer observations pre-pandemic are not presented.