Table 4.
National population cost estimates for vision impairment and its major causes. Costs are in billion 2018 USD purchasing power parity.
| Country | Ref. | Cause | Year of cost data | Population for which costs were projected (million) | Perspective of analysis | in billion 2018 USD ppp |
Intangible Costs | Quality appraisal score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Costs |
Productivity losses |
Informal Care costs | ||||||||||||
| Medical (1) | Non- medical (2) | Total (1) + (2) | Morbidity (3) | Mortality (4) | Total (3)+(4) | |||||||||
| National estimates | ||||||||||||||
| High-income Asia Pacific | ||||||||||||||
| Japan | 26 | All causesl a | 2007 | 1.64 | Societal | 11.03 | 9.52 | 20.55 | 5.36 | 0.06 | 5.42 | – | 229,085 DALYS | 9.5 |
| Singapore | 92 | All causes | NR | NR | Patient | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1828 DALYS b | 7 |
| Singapore | 93 | RE – Myopia | 2011 | 2.08 | Patient | – | – | 0.849 | – | – | – | – | – | 8 |
| Singapore | 94 | AMD | 2015 | 0.12 | Health System | 0.18 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8.5 |
| Australasia | ||||||||||||||
| Australia | 22 | All causes | 2004 | 0.48 | Societal | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.20 | 1.81 | 0.01 | 1.82 | 0.86 | 41,187 DALYS c | 7.5 |
| Australia | 23 | All causes | 2009 | 0.58 | Societal | 1.7 | 1.0 | 2.69 | 1.84 | 0.05 | 1.89 | 0.2 | 58,157 DALYS | 9 |
| Australia | 24 | Glaucoma | 2005 | 0.21 | Societal | – | – | 0.34 | – | – | 0.05 | 0.10 | 6972 DALYS | 9 |
| Australia | 25 | DR | 2005 | 0.28 | Societal | – | – | 0.04 | – | – | 0.09 | 0.05 | 9629 DALYS | 8 |
| Western Europe | ||||||||||||||
| Germany | 95 | All causes | 2016 | 3.27 | Societal | 25.51 | – | – | 15.93 | – | 25.51 | – | – | 10 |
| Germany | 96 | All causes | 2004 | 0.73 | Societal | – | 14.48 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7.5 |
| United Kingdom | 29 | All causes | 2013 | 1.93 | Societal | 2.96 | 2.28 | 5.24 | 3.84 | 0.003 | 3.85 | 3.57 | 219,106 DALYS | 9 |
| United Kingdom | 96 | All causes | 2004 | 1.1 | Societal | – | 25.55 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7.5 |
| France | 96 | All causes | 2004 | 1.27 | Societal | – | 16.35 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7.5 |
| Italy | 96 | All causes | 2004 | 1.03 | Societal | – | 21.07 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7.5 |
| High-income North America | ||||||||||||||
| Canada | 27,28 | All causes | 2007 | 0.82 | Societal | 4.86 | 0.29 | 5.15 | 4.18 | – | – | 0.67 | 77,306 DALYS | 8 |
| United States | 97 | All causes | 2004 | NR | Societal | 21.15 | 14.48 | 35.63 | 10.46 | – | – | – | – | 9.5 |
| United States | 98 | All causes | 2004 | 3.7 | Societal | 6.64 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.52 | 209,202 QALYS lost | 8.5 |
| United States | 99 | All causes | 2010 | 2.15 | Societal | 16.63 | 2.04 | 18.67 | 13.94 | – | – | 0.68 | 215,000 QALYS lost | 8.5 |
| United States | 100 | Refractive Error | 2000 | 11.26 | Payer | – | 5.53 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 |
| North Africa, Middle East | ||||||||||||||
| Iran | 101 | Refractive Error | 2013 | 75.15 | Societal | 17.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 |
| South Asia | ||||||||||||||
| Pakistan | 102 | Unspecified | 2003–04 | 0.62 | Societal | – | – | – | 0.57 | – | – | – | – | 5 |
| Multi-country estimates | ||||||||||||||
| 28 EU countries | 40 | All causes | 2014 | 11.27 | Societal | – | – | – | 39.3; 49.3;85.4 d | – | – | – | – | 8.5 |
| 9 countries | 38 | All causes | 2011 | 25.41 | Societal | – | – | – | 28.8; 75.57e | – | – | – | – | 8.5 |
USD – United States Dollars ($); NR – Not reported; RE – Refractive Error; AMD - age-related macular degeneration; DR – Diabetic Retinopathy; DALYs – Disability Adjusted Life Years; QALYS – Quality Adjusted Life Years; EU – European; ppp- purchasing power parity;
General VI study – all causes of VI;
Annual QALYs loss per 100,000 persons due to VI;
This DALYS estimate includes only years of life lived with disability leaving out of this estimate years of life lost due to premature mortality. DALYs estimates usually combine years of life lived with disability and life lost due to premature mortality;
This study estimated productivity losses costs using three models, the minimum wage model ($39.3 billion ppp), the Gross Domestic Product Adjusted model ($49.3 billion ppp), and the Gross National Income model ($85.4 billion ppp);
This study valued productivity losses costs using two models the minimum wage model ($28.8 billion ppp) and the Gross National Income model ($75.57 billion ppp).