Table 6.

Average annual cost estimates per person with vision impairment from any cause. Costs are in 2018 USD purchasing power parity.

Country	Reference	Cause	Treatment	Year of cost data	Sample size	Unit of Observation	Perspective of analysis	In 2018 USD ppp						Quality appraisal score
								Direct Costs
								Medical (1)	Non- medical (2)	Total (1) + (2)	Productivity Losses	Informal Care costs
High-income Asia Pacific
South Korea	48	All causes a	Unspecified	2011	1810	Patient	Health System	3799	–	–	–	–		8
Australasia
Australia	104,105	All causes	Unspecified	2003	150	Patient	Patient	217	598	815	–	917		9;8.5
Australia	43	All causes	Unspecified	2003	114	Patient	Patient	–	–	–	–	963		4.5
Western Europe
Portugal	42	All causes	Unspecified	2014	546	Patient	Societal	–	–	–	–	848		8
Portugal	44	All causes	Unspecified	2014	546	Patient	Societal	–	–	–	10,124	–		8
United Kingdom	46	All causes	Unspecified	2012	3589	Patient	Health System	–	–	4971	–	–		9
United Kingdom	45	All causes	Unspecified	1997/98	3488	Patient	Health System	–	–	1841	–	–		9
United Kingdom	47	All causes	Unspecified	2000	N.R	Patient	Governmental	–	–	1st year: 131342nd year: 5675	–	–		8.5
Netherlands	106	All causes	Unspecified	2015	152	Patient	Societal	–	–	523 b	–	–		9
High-income North America
United States	49	All causes	Unspecified	2004	10,796	Patient	Patient	1st year: 5946 2nd year: 12,808	–	–	–	–		8
East Asia
China	107	All causes	Unspecified	2015	302	Patient	Patient	5181	2194	7374	–	–		9

USD – United States Dollars ($); ppp- purchasing power parity;.

^aGeneral VI study – all causes of VI;.

^bAverage costs for productivity losses and informal care costs reported together were reported to be $120 ppp.