Table 10.

Average cost estimate for treatment of AMD, corneal opacity and trachoma. Costs are in 2018 USD purchasing power parity.

Country	Reference	Cause	Treatment	Year of cost data	Sample size	Unit of Observation	Perspective of analysis	In 2018 USD ppp						Quality appraisal score
								Direct costs			Productivity Losses	Informal Care costs
								Medical (1)	Non- medical (2)	Total (1) + (2)
High-income Asia Pacific
Japan	130	AMD	Anti- VEGF	2017	71	Patient	Societal	–	–	–	–		778; 1512 a	7.5
Japan	131	AMD	Anti- VEGF	2013	3058	Patient	Payer	14,888 b	–	–	–		–	5.5
Korea	66	AMD	Unspecified	2014	7119	Episode	Payer	–	–	3354	–		–	8.5
Australasia
Australia	132	AMD	Unspecified	N.R	103	Episode	Patient	1943	543	2486	982		2198	8.5
Western Europe
3 EU countries	133	AMD	Unspecified	2004	360	Patient	Societal	3632	1608	5240 to 7524 c	–		–	8.5
France	134	AMD	Unspecified	2000	105	Patient	Payer	2934	2827	5762	–		1410	9
Germany	135	AMD	Unspecified	N.A	150	Patient	Caregiver	181	547	787	–		–	6.5
Greece	136	AMD	Anti- VEGF	2011	N.R	Patient	Payer	52,404 d	–	–	–		–	8.5
Ireland	137	AMD	Photodynamic therapy	2006	211	Patient	Societal	3377	536	3913	1950		1496	9
Italy	138	AMD	Laser	1999	476	Patient	Societal	767	–	–	–		–	8.5
Switzerland	64	AMD	Anti- VEGF	2014	3058	Episode	Payer	–	–	7747; 9424 e	–		–	5.5
Switzerland	65	AMD	Anti- VEGF	2016	361	Patient	Payer	10,692;12,456 f	–	–	–		–	8
United Kingdom	63	AMD	Anti- VEGF	2011	610	Patient	Health System	4824;29,871 g	–	–	–		–	9
United Kingdom	139	AMD	Photodynamic therapy	2007	4566; 1834g	Patient	Health System and Societal	–	–	2209;7911 h	–		–	7
High Income North America
Canada	140	AMD	Photodynamic therapy	2005	166	Patient	Societal	5985	2498	8433	–		–	9
United States	7	AMD	Medical	1995–99	6290	Patient	Payer	2473 years up to $2710 for those aged 75- 79 years and then decreased (80-84 years, $2556; 85 years, $ 1800)"?>i	–	–	–		–	7.5
United States	67	AMD	Anti- VEGF	2009	N.R	Patient	Payer	16,261;18,756 j	–	–	–		–	4
United States	141	AMD	Anti- VEGF	2009	92	Patient	Payer	62,985	–	–	–		–	6.5
Central Europe
Czech Republic	142	AMD	Anti- VEGF	2012	763	Patient	Hospital	9592	–	–	–		–	7.5
North Africa, Middle East
Turkey	143	AMD	Anti- VEGF	2016	175	Patient	Payer	2657;5059j	–	–	–		–	6.5
South Asia
India	68	Corneal Opacity	Medical	2004	498	Episode	Patient	112	4	116	39		–	4
Western sub-Saharan Africa
Gambia	69	Trachoma	Trichiasis surgery	1998	120	Surgery	Societal	–	–	9	–		–	6.5

USD – United States Dollars ($); ppp- purchasing power parity; EU – European; N.R – Not reported; N.A – Not applicable.

^aAverage cost in the first year of treatment in two different regimens "as treat and extent regimen" ($778 ppp) and "as needed regimen" ($1512 ppp);

^bCost per 10 000 persons;

^cAverage cost for Italy ($5240 ppp), This study also reported cost for France (sum of direct costs $7524 ppp) and Germany (sum of direct costs $5920 ppp).

^dAverage cost for 10 years of ranibizumab treatment.

^eAverage cost for aflibecerpt ($7747 ppp); Average cost for ranibizumab $9424 ppp.

^fAverage monthly cost for aflibecerpt $1038 ppp, average monthly cost for ranibizumab $891 ppp.

^gLowest average reported value for discountinuous bevacizumab regimen, highest reported value for continuous ranibizumab regimen.

^hAverage cost of verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT): second year of treatment (lowest value) and first year of treatment (highest value) (including health and social service costs).

ⁱAverage costs for all patients; costs were stratified by age group, costs rose from $2362 for those aged 65-69 years up to $2710 for those aged 75- 79 years and then decreased (80-84 years, $2556; ≥85 years, $ 1800).

^jAverage cost for ranibizumab: year 2 (lowest value) and Year 1 (highest value).