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. 2022 Mar 9;9(1):e33157. doi: 10.2196/33157

Table 1.

Validity and reliability.

Study Comparison assessment Validity Reliability
Adams [46] —a

  • Hand tremor (AUCb=0.76)

 —
Aghanavesi et al [48] MDS-UPDRSc

  • Finger tapping (r=0.23)

  • Handwriting (r=0.46)

 Interrater reliability:

  • Finger tapping (r=0.61)

  • Handwriting (r=0.65)
Akram et al [38] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (r=−0.49; P<.001)

 —
Albani et al [73] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (ICCd=0.73)

 —
Amano et al [69] In-clinic assessment

  • Finger dexterity (r=0.99)

  • Whole hand grasp (r=0.99)

  • Pincer grasp (r=0.99)

 Interrater reliability:

  • Finger dexterity (r=0.99)
Arora et al [70] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (mean error of 1.26 UPDRSe points)

 —
Arroyo-Gallego et al [49] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (AUC=0.85; P<.001)

 —
Bazgir et al [50] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (97% accuracy)

 —
Bochniewicz et al [82] ARATf

  • IADLg (r=−0.14; P=.70)

 —
Boroojerdi et al [37] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (r=0.291)

  • Hand tremor (r=0.746)

 —
Burdea et al [71] — — —
Cabrera-Martos et al [67] In-clinic assessment — Interrater reliability:

  • Finger dexterity (r=0.89)

  • Finger tapping (r=1.0)

  • Hand tremor (r=0.99)
Cai et al [19] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (r2=0.95)

 —
Channa et al [20] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (91.7% accuracy)

 —
Cole et al [21] MDS-UPDRS — —
Creagh et al [59] 9HPTh

  • Handwriting: dominant hand (r2=0.39) and nondominant hand (r2=0.41)

 —
Cunningham et al [74] — — —
Dai et al [22] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (r=−0.970; P<.01)

  • Hand tremor (r=0.93; P<.001)

 Interrater agreement (Kendall W):

  • Finger tapping (0.86)

  • Hand tremor (0.84)
Dubuisson et al [91] 9HPT

  • Finger dexterity (r=0.9; P<.001)

 —
Ferreira et al [23] MDS-UPDRS — —
Giancardo et al [39] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (AUC=0.75)

 —
Giuffrida et al [24] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (r=0.89)

 —
Goetz et al [75] MDS-UPDRS — —
Halloran et al [25] CAHAIi

  • ADLj (r= 0.63; P<.001)

 —
Heijmans et al [26] ESMk app (tremor questionnaire)

  • Hand tremor (r=0.43)

 —
Hoffman et al [68] In-clinic assessment

  • Hand tremor (83.3% agreement)

  • Handwriting (41.6% agreement)

 Interrater reliability:

  • Finger dexterity (r=0.99)
Hssayeni et al [27] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (r=0.84)

 —
Iakovakis et al [52] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (AUC=0.92)

 —
Iakovakis et al [51] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (r=0.66)

 —
Jeon et al [28] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (85.5% agreement)

 —
Jha et al [60] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (κ=0.68; P<.001, substantial)

  • Finger tapping (κ=0.54; P<.001, moderate)

 Interrater agreement:

  • Hand tremor (96%)

  • Finger tapping (50%)
Kim et al [29] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (85% accuracy)

 Interrater reliability:

  • Hand tremor (r=0.78)
Kleinholdermann et al [85] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (r=0.445)

 —
Kostikis et al [81] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor,: right hand (r=0.75; P<.001) and left hand (r=0.85; P<.001)

 —
Lam et al [41] 9HPT

  • Finger dexterity (r=−0.553)

 Test–retest reliability:

  • Finger dexterity (ICC 0.601)
Lee et al [53] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (AUC=0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.96)

 —
Lee et al [84] FMAl

  • Whole hand grasp (92% accuracy)

 —
Lee et al [54] MDS-UPDRS — —
Lin et al [88] — — —
Lipsmeier et al [61] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (t=2.18; P=.03)

  • Hand tremor (t=2.17; P=.03)

 Test–retest reliability:

  • Finger tapping (ICC=0.64)

  • Hand tremor (ICC=0.90)
Londral et al [47] — — Test–retest reliability:

  • r=0.96; P=.09
Lopez-Blanco et al [76] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (r=0.81; P<.001)

 Interrater reliability:

  • Hand tremor (ICC=0.89)
Mahadevan et al [30] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (r=0.67; P<.001)

 Interrater reliability:

  • Hand tremor (ICC=0.75)
Matarazzo et al [42] UPDRS-3 — —
Memedi et al [77] Visual assessment

  • Handwriting (85% accuracy)

 Test–retest reliability:

  • Handwriting (ICC=0.69)
Mera et al [31] — — —
Mitsi et al [65] MDS-UPDRS — —
Noyce et al [43] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (r=0.53)

 —
Orozco-Arroyave et al [62] UPDRS-3 — —
Pan et al [63] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (r=0.81)

 —
Papadopoulos et al [40,55] MDS-UPDRS — —
Powers et al [78] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (r=0.72)

 —
Pratap et al [66] Longitudinal Neuro-QoLm scores

  • Finger tapping (β=.40; P<.001)

 —
Prochazka and Kowalczewski [83] ARAT and FMA

  • Finger dexterity (r2=0.49)

  • Whole hand grasp, (r2=0.88)

  • Pincer grasp (r2=0.88)

 Test–retest reliability:

  • 0.67% (SD 3.6)
Rigas et al [32] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (87% accuracy)

 —
Salarian et al [87] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (r=0.87; P<.001)

 —
San-Segundo et al [33] — — —
Sanchez-Perez et al [34] MDS-UPDRS — —
Schallert et al [56] — — —
Shribman et al [44] 9HPT

  • Finger tapping (r=0.926)

 —
Sigcha et al [79] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (r=0.969)

 —
Simonet et al [57] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (r=−0.49)

 —
Stamatakis et al [35] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (Goodman–Kruskal index=0.961)

 —
Tavares et al [86] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (r=0.67; P<.001)

 —
Trager et al [45] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger dexterity (r=0.14; P=.43)

  • Finger tapping (r=0.58; P<.001)

 —
Westin et al [80] MDS-UPDRS

  • Handwriting (r=0.41)

 Test–retest reliability:

  • Handwriting (r=0.71)
Wissel et al [58] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (r=0.55)

 Test–retest reliability:

  • Finger tapping (r>0.75)
Wu et al [89] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (r=−0.798)

 —
Yu et al [72] FMA

  • Finger dexterity (r2=0.70)

  • Pinch strength (r2=0.72)

 —
Zambrana et al [90] — — —
Zhan et al [64] MDS-UPDRS

  • Finger tapping (mean 71%, SD 0.4%)

 —
Zhang et al [36] MDS-UPDRS

  • Hand tremor (85.9% accuracy)

 —

aData unavailable.

bAUC: area under the curve.

cMDS-UPDRS: Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.

dICC: interclass coefficient.

eUPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.

fARAT: Action Research Arm Test.

gIADL: instrumental activities of daily living.

h9HPT: 9-hole peg test.

iCAHAI: Chedoke Arm and Hand Inventory.

jADL: activities of daily living.

kESM: experience sampling method.

lFMA: Fugl-Meyer Assessment.

mQoL: quality of life.