Table 1. Main Study Characteristicsa.
| Source | Country | Design | Group type | Sample size, No. | Sex ratio, M:F | Age, mean (SD), y | Illness stage | DOI, mean (SD), y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acuña et al,26 2021b | Chile | RCT | MCT | 25 | 14:11 | 27.52 (8.42) | NR | NR |
| TAU | 21 | 18:3 | 25.71 (4.72) | |||||
| Aghotor et al,33 2010c | Germany | RCT | MCT | 14 | 12:4d | 28.9 (8.3) | NR | NR |
| Active (newspaper discussion group) | 12 | 8:6d | 32.6 (12.1) | |||||
| Andreou et al,11 2017 | Germany | RCT | MCT+ | 46 | 21:25 | 36.91 (12.5) | NR | NR |
| Active (CR+) | 46 | 30:16 | 35.59 (13.1) | |||||
| Andreou et al,11 2017 | Germany | Cohorte | MCT | 22 | 16:7d | 36.85 (12.6) | NR | NR |
| Balzan et al,34 2014 | Australia | Non-RCT | MCT+ | 14 | 11:3 | 38.00 (8.11) | MEP | 15.89 (8.51) |
| TAU | 14 | 9:5 | 35.21 (8.27) | 9.71 (4.60) | ||||
| Balzan et al,35 2019b | Australia | RCT | MCT+ | 27 | 15:12 | 35.37 (9.84) | MEP | 9.85 (8.47) |
| Active (CR) | 27 | 17:10 | 39.04 (7.48) | 12.37 (7.95) | ||||
| Briki et al,36 2014c | France | Case series | MCT | 7 | 3:4 | 29 (NR) | NR | NRf |
| Briki et al,37 2014 | France | RCT | MCT | 25 | 16:9 | 41.1 (8.1) | NR | 14.6 (8.4) |
| Active (supportive therapy) | 25 | 17:8 | 41.1 (12.4) | 17.8 (10.9) | ||||
| Chen et al,25 2021 | China | RCT | MCT | 58 | 24:34 | 55.28 (9.51) | MEP | 22.69 (12.02) |
| Other (community-based rehabilitation) | 62 | 24:38 | 52.90 (12.14) | 23.35 (12.70) | ||||
| de Pinho et al,38 2021 | Portugal | RCT | MCT | 26 | 14:13d | 48.30 (9.89) | NR | NR |
| TAU | 26 | 16:13d | 52.66 (7.14) | |||||
| Erawati et al,39 2014b | Indonesia | Non-RCT | MCT+ | 26 | 16:10 | 37.07 (10.75) | NR | NR |
| TAU | 26 | 15:11 | 42.00 (12.46) | |||||
| Favrod et al,40 2011 | Switzerland | Cross-sectional analytic study | MCT | 18 | 11:7 | 41.8 (10.1) | NR | NR |
| Favrod et al,41 2014 | Switzerland | RCT | MCT | 24 | 17:9d | 36.85 (10.38) | NR | NR |
| TAU | 24 | 17:9d | 36.58 (9.76) | |||||
| Z. Fekete, MA, personal communication, September 2021b | Hungary | RCT | MCT | 23 | 11:12 | 44.22 (10.45) | MEP | 16.16 (7.76) |
| TAU | 23 | 11:12 | 38.39 (10.41) | MEP | 11.32 (8.74) | |||
| Ferwerda et al,42 2010 | Netherlands | Cohort | MCT | 29 | 22:7 | 37.3 (9.1) | MEP | NR |
| Fujii et al,43 2021 | Japan | RCT, crossover | MCT | 9 | 6:3 | 54.00 (7.6) | MEP | 31.78 (6.16) |
| TAU | 8 | 4:4 | 54.50 (8.63) | 33.38 (10.43) | ||||
| Gawęda et al,44 2015 | Poland | RCT | MCT | 23 | 11:12 | 50.41 (10.71) | MEP | 22.96 (10.05) |
| TAU | 21 | 11:10 | 51.65 (10.25) | 20.61 (11.30) | ||||
| Ishikawa et al,45 2020b | Japan | RCT | MCT | 24 | 13:11 | 46.04 (8.37) | NR | 19.58 (8.95) |
| TAU | 26 | 12:14 | 48.96 (8.54) | 22.5 (8.84) | ||||
| Kowalski et al,46 2017 | Poland | RCT | MCT, JTC | 12 | 9:3 | 28 (5.41) | NR | 6.42 (6.84) |
| MCT, ToM | 9 | 8:1 | 29.11 (4.43) | 4.44 (1.81) | ||||
| Active (current events discussion) | 10 | 5:5 | 31.7 (4.81) | 8.30 (6.95) | ||||
| Kumar et al,47 2010c | India | RCT | MCT | 8 | 8:0 | 31.50 (7.98) | NR | 7.63 (7.74) |
| TAU | 8 | 8:0 | 34.13 (8.20) | 6.50 (5.21) | ||||
| Kumar et al,48 2015 | India | Case report | MCT+ | 1 | 0:1 | 36 (NA) | MEP | NR |
| Kuokkanen et al,49 2014b | Finland | RCT | MCT | 10 | 10:0 | 42.0 (10.4) | MEP | 16.4 (10.3) |
| Kuokkanen et al,50 2015 | TAU | 10 | 10:0 | 45.1 (14.3) | 16.5 (9.2) | |||
| J.M. Lopez, PhD, personal communication, July 2021b | Spain | RCT | MCT | 18 | 21:18d | 45.6 (9.9) | Mixed (both first and multiple episodes) | NR |
| Active (PE) | 16 | 20:18d | 49.8 (9.3) | |||||
| Moritz et al,51 2011a | Germany | RCT, crossover | MCT | 18 | 15:3 | 33.6 (8.8) | MEP | NR |
| TAU | 18 | 13:5 | 31.9 (7.0) | |||||
| Moritz et al,13 2011 | Germany | RCT | MCT | 24 | 17:7 | 32.63 (12.48) | NR | 2.96 (2.87)g |
| Active (CR+) | 24 | 14:10 | 35.46 (9.10) | 3.59 (3.06)g | ||||
| Moritz et al,52 2013 | Germany | RCT | MCT | 76 | 45:31 | 36.82 (11.12) | Mixed (both first and multiple episodes) | NR |
| Moritz et al,53 2014 | Active (CR+) | 74 | 49:25 | 32.68 (9.54) | ||||
| Moritz et al,54 2018c | ||||||||
| Naughton et al,55 2012 | Ireland | Cohort | MCT | 11 | 11:0 | 37.5 (10.6) | NR | NR |
| Waitlist | 8 | 8:0 | 35.62 (11.2) | |||||
| Ochoa et al,56 2017b | Spain | RCT | MCT | 65 | 44:21d | 27.05 (7.94) | FEP | 2.15 (2.01) |
| Salas-Sender et al,57 2020c | Active (PE) | 57 | 41:16d | 28.21 (6.73) | 2.46 (2.07) | |||
| Ochoa et al,58 2020b | Spain | RCT | MCT+ | 24 | 26:10d | 27.58 (6.72) | FEP | 2.09 (NR) |
| TAU | 21 | 18:15d | 29.50 (7.74) | 2.66 (NR) | ||||
| Park et al,59 2020 | South Korea | RCT | MCT | 30 | 18:12 | 38.37 (9.05) | NR | 13.70 (8.50) |
| Active (educational material on social skills) | 29 | 19:10 | 40.86 (7.34) | 14.90 (8.67) | ||||
| Pos et al,60 2018 | Netherlands | RCT | MCT | 20 | 18:7d | 23.59 (3.03) | FEP | NR |
| Active (OT) | 18 | 22:3d | 23.08 (4.16) | |||||
| D. Raucher-Chéné, MD, personal communication, August 2021b | Canada | Cohort | MCT (virtual) | 14 | 7:7 | 30.7 (9.4) | MEP | 7.1 (7.3) |
| Schneider et al,61 2018c | Germany | Cohort | MCT | 176 | 94:82 | 35.2 (12.4) | NR | NR |
| Shan et al,62 2021 | China | RCT | MCT | 19 | 12:7 | 26.05 (5.81) | NR | NR |
| Other (recreational activities) | 20 | 15:5 | 22.75 (4.38) | |||||
| Simón-Expósito et al,63 2019 | Spain | Non-RCT | MCT | 11 | NR | 42.82 (7.5) | MEP | 21.55 (8.26) |
| TAU | 11 | 47.27 (12.63) | 24.36 (11.48) | |||||
| So et al,64 2015 | Hong Kong | RCT, crossover | MCT+ | 23 | 12:11 | 32.35 (12.87) | NR | NR |
| Waitlist | 21 | 12:9 | 35.62 (10.89) | |||||
| Ho-Wai So et al,65 2021 | Hong Kong | RCT | MCT | 27 | 12:15 | 42.78 (14.54) | NR | NR |
| TAU | 29 | 18:11 | 40.21 (13.27) | |||||
| Tanoue et al,27 2021b | Japan | Cross-sectional analytic study | MCT | 22 | 10:12 | 49.4 (10.4) | MEP | 22.5 (9.5) |
| Ussorio et al,66 2016 | Italy | Cross-sectional analytic studyh | MCT | 56 | 41:15 | 22.3 (4.6) | FEP | 1.31 (5.35) |
| van Oosterhout et al,67 2014 | Netherlands | RCT | MCT | 75 | 54:21 | 38.3 (11.1) | NR | NR |
| TAU | 79 | 56:23 | 36.8 (8.7) | |||||
| Yildiz et al,68 2018 | Turkey | RCT | MCT | 10 | 6:4 | 33.1 (10.7) | NR | 13.6 (6.1) |
| Active (PSST) | 10 | 7:3 | 37.4 (4.6) | 13.2 (8.4) | ||||
| Zalzala et al,69 2019b | United States | RCT | MCT | 16 | 9:7d | 31.50 (6.06) | NR | 10.85 (5.71) |
| Active (healthy living group) | 16 | 9:8d | 32.27 (6.28) | 9.13 (7.80) |
Abbreviations: CR, cognitive remediation; CR+, individual cognitive remediation; DOI, duration of illness; FEP, first episode of psychosis; MCT, metacognitive training; MEP, multiple episodes of psychosis; NA, not available; NR, not reported; OT, occupational therapy; PE, group psychoeducation; PSST, psychosocial skills training; RCT, randomized clinical trial; TAU, treatment as usual.
a
Total studies, 43; total reports, 46. eAppendix 2 in the Supplement provides the complete reference list of included reports. Studies reporting on overlapping trials are grouped; reports are grouped and represent 1 study. Study design was based on Mixed Method Appraisal Tool guidelines.
b
Data provided by study author.
c
Included only in narrative review.
d
Sex ratios at baseline, with attrition unaccounted for.
e
Two patient groups: medication responders and nonresponders.
f
Data reported in histogram format and were not extractable.
g
Years since first admission.
h
Two patient groups: long and short duration of untreated illness.