Table 1.
Sample characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
| Study name | Sample characteristics | ||||||
| N | Mean age (SD) | Reference population | Female (%) | Country | Sampling strategy | % of valid data | |
| Andreassen et al. (2013) | 218 | 20.7 (3.0)b | University students | 79.16 | Norway | Convenience | – |
| Augner & Hacker (2012) | 196 | 20.1 (3.2)b | University students | 76.53 | Austria | Convenience | – |
| Cho, Kim, and Park (2017) | 400 | 20–49a | General population | 48.50 | South Korea | Convenience | – |
| Cocoradă, Maican, Cazan, and Maican (2018) | 717 | 19.8 (–)b | Adolescent and university students | 65.00 | Romania | Convenience | – |
| De Pasquale, Sciacca, Conti, Dinaro, and Di Nuovo (2019) | 400 | 21.6 (1.4)b | University students | 61.00 | Italy | Convenience | 93% |
| Demirhan, Randler, and Horzum (2016) | 902 | 20.4 (1.9)b | University students | 73.00 | Turkey | Convenience | – |
| Ehrenberg, Juckes, White, & Walsh (2008) | 200 | 19.1 (1.8)b | University students | 73.00 | Australia | Convenience | – |
| Ezoe et al. (2009) | 132 | 24.5 (5.7) | University students | 100.00 | Japan | Convenience | – |
| García-Oliva & Piqueras (2016) | 304 | 14.6 (1.7)b | Adolescents | 48.60 | Spain | Convenience | – |
| Guazzini, Duradoni, Capelli, and Meringolo (2019) | 394 | 24.2 (9.14) | General population | 84.80 | Italy | Convenience | 92% |
| Herrero, Urueña, Torres, and Hidalgo (2019a) | 526 | 15+a | General population | 48.10 | Spain | Random sample | – |
| Herrero, Urueña, Torres, and Hidalgo (2019b) | 416 | 15+a | General population | 47.80 | Spain | Random sample | 63% |
| Horwood & Anglim (2018) | 398 | 24.4 (7.1) | University students | 79.00 | Australia | Convenience | 79% |
| Hussain, Griffiths, and Sheffield (2017) | 640 | 24.9 (8.5) | General population | 65.60 | United Kingdom | Convenience | 74% |
| Hwang & Jeong (2015) | 460 | 41.1 (3.6) | Adult parents | 50.20 | South Korea | Random sample | 77% |
| Kita & Luria (2018) | 221 | 19.3 (1.7)b | Young drivers | 35.29 | Israel | Convenience | 92% |
| Kruger & Djerf (2017) | 766 | 19.0 (1.0)b | University students | 50.13 | USA | Convenience | – |
| Lachmann et al. (2019) | 572 | 23.6 (5.9) | University students | 72.03 | Germany | Convenience | – |
| Mitchell & Hussain (2018) | 147 | 31.0 (13.0) | General population | 69.40 | United Kingdom | Convenience | 83% |
| Peterka-Bonetta, Sindermann, Elhai, and Montag (2019) | 773 | 23.1 (7.3) | General population | 60.80 | English-speaking | Convenience | – |
| Pivetta, Harkin, Billieux, Kanjo, and Kuss (2019) | 508 | 25.5 (9.9) | General population | 78.30 | United Kingdom | Convenience | – |
| Smetaniuk (2014) | 362 | 32 (–) | General population | 46.41 | USA | Convenience | 83% |
| Takao (2014) | 504 | 20.1 (1.4)b | University students | 21.43 | Japan | Convenience | 83% |
| Trub & Barbot (2020) | 982 | 24.5 (3.4) | Young drivers | 60.00 | USA | Convenience | – |
| Volungis, Kalpidou, Popores, and Joyce (2019) | 150 | 19.3 (–)b | University students | 83.20 | USA | Convenience | – |
| Zhitomirsky-Geffet & Blau (2016) | 209 | 13–68a | General population | 63.00 | Israel | Convenience | 97% |
a
Studies did not reported mean age values: range is reported.
b
Studies focusing on adolescents and young adults aged ≤26.