. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 24.

Published in final edited form as: Ind Eng Chem Res. 2021;60(3):1112–1136. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04952

Table 1.

Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites-Based Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Various Heavy Metal Ions in Environmental Samples

electrochemical sensor	method	analyte	detection limit	linear range	ref
DMAET-SWCNT-PABSA/Au	SWASV	Hg²⁺	0.0634 μM	20 ppb-250 ppb	76
PEDOT/GO/GCE	DPSV	Hg²⁺	2.78 nM	10.0 nM-3.0 mM	77
P2MA-Ce₂(WO₄)₃@CNT/NF-GCE	LSV	Cd²⁺	0.11 nM	1.0 nM −0.1 M	78
IIP/PAN/MWCNT/GCE	DPASV	Pb²⁺	0.16 μg L⁻¹	0.50−22.0 μg L⁻¹	79
Co₃O₄/RGO/CHIT/GCE	DPASV	Pb²⁺	0.35 nM	1.0−200.0 nM	80
Au NPs/PANI-co-PoT/GO/Au	SWV	Cr(VI)	0.0215 μM	5−500 μM	81
Pd-PEDOT/CE	DPASV	As³⁺	7 nM (0.52 ppb)	0.01 to 0.16 μM	82
GCE-MWCNT/poly(PCV)/Bi	DPASV	Cd²⁺	0.20 μg L⁻¹	1.0−300.0 μg L⁻¹	83
		Pb²⁺	0.40 μg L⁻¹	1.0−200.0 μg L⁻¹
Gr/PANI/PS/SPE	SWASV	Pb²⁺	3.30 μg L⁻¹	10−500 μg L⁻¹	84
		Cd²⁺	4.43 μg L⁻¹	10−500 μg L⁻¹
PA/PPy/GO/GCE	DPV	Cd(II)	2.13 μg/L	5−150 μg/L	85
		Pb(II)	0.41 μg/L	5−150 μg/L
GO-Fe₃O₄−PAMAM/GCE	SWASV	Pb(II)	130 ng L⁻¹	0.4−120 μg L⁻¹	86
		Cd(II)	70 ng L⁻¹	0.2−140 μg L⁻¹
Fe₃O₄@G2-PAMAM/MCPE	SWASV	Pb²⁺	0.17 ng mL⁻¹	0.5−80 ng mL⁻¹	87
		Cd²⁺	0.21 ng mL⁻¹	0.5−80 ng mL⁻¹
PPy/CNSs/SPE	SWASV	Pb(II)	0.0041 nM	1−7 nM	88
		Hg(II)	0.0214 nM	5−35 nM
NH₂-MIL-53(Al)/PPy/Au	DPV	Pb(II)	0.315 μg L⁻¹	1−400 μg L⁻¹	89
		Cu(II)	0.244 μg L⁻¹	1−400 μg L⁻¹
RGO−CHIT/PLL/GCE	DPASV	Cd(II)	0.01 μg L⁻¹	0.05−10.0 μg L⁻¹	90
		Pb(II)	0.02 μg L⁻¹	0.05−10.0 μg L⁻¹
		Cu(II)	0.02 μg L⁻¹	0.05−10.0 μg L⁻¹
EDTA-PANI/SWCNTs/stainless steel	DPV	Cu(II)	0.08 ± 0.01 μM	2 mM to 1.2 μM	91
		Pb(II)	1.65 ± 0.01 μM	1.8 mM to 4 μM
		Hg(II)	0.68 ± 0.01 μM	2 mM to 2 μM
Gr/PANI/SPE	SWASV	Zn(II)	1.0 μg L⁻¹	1−300 μg L⁻¹	92
		Cd(II)	0.1 μg L⁻¹	1−300 μg L⁻¹
		Pb(II)	0.1 μg L⁻¹	1−300 μg L⁻¹