Table 1.
Association of beneficiary characteristics with repeat overdose in year following medically-treated opioid overdose occurring 2015 – 2018.
| Characteristics | Beneficiaries with Index Overdosea No. (%) (N = 4898) |
Repeat Overdose No. (%) (N = 960) |
No Repeat Overdose No. (%) (N = 3938) |
p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Overall | ||||
| Index Overdose Characteristics | ||||
| Involved Heroin/Synthetic Opioids | 3541 (72.3) | 776 (80.8) | 2765 (70.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Involved Benzodiazepines | 287 (5.9) | 42 (4.4) | 245 (6.2) | 0.029 |
| Resulted in Inpatient Hospitalization | 1092 (22.3) | 160 (16.7) | 932 (23.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Age | ||||
| 12–24 | 495 (10.1) | 100 (10.4) | 395 (10) | 0.0151 |
| 25–39 | 2108 (43) | 454 (47.3) | 1654 (42) | |
| 40–55 | 1681 (34.3) | 298 (31) | 1383 (35.1) | |
| 56–64 | 614 (12.5) | 108 (11.3) | 506 (12.8) | |
| Racial/Ethnic Group | ||||
| White | 2796 (57.1) | 579 (60.3) | 2217 (56.3) | 0.1596 |
| Black | 1272 (26) | 228 (23.8) | 1044 (26.5) | |
| Hispanic | 421 (8.6) | 77 (8) | 344 (8.7) | |
| Other/Unknown | 409 (8.4) | 76 (7.9) | 333 (8.5) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1924 (39.3) | 325 (33.9) | 1599 (40.6) | 0.0001 |
| Male | 2974 (60.7) | 635 (66.1) | 2339 (59.4) | |
| Year of Index Overdose 2015 | 869 (17.7) | 146 (15.2) | 723 (18.4) | 0.0866 |
| 2016 | 1254 (25.6) | 249 (25.9) | 1005 (25.5) | |
| 2017 | 1447 (29.5) | 306 (31.9) | 1141 (29) | |
| 2018 | 1328 (27.1) | 259 (27) | 1069 (27.1) | |
| SUD Comorbidities | ||||
| Alcohol Use Disorder | 984 (20.1) | 231 (24.1) | 753 (19.1) | 0.0006 |
| Benzodiazepine Use Disorder | 314 (6.4) | 82 (8.5) | 232 (5.9) | 0.0026 |
| Cannabis Use Disorder | 514 (10.5) | 124 (12.9) | 390 (9.9) | 0.0063 |
| Opioid Use Disorder | 1869 (38.2) | 482 (50.2) | 1387 (35.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Psychiatric Comorbidities | ||||
| Schizophrenia | 314 (6.4) | 72 (7.5) | 242 (6.1) | 0.1244 |
| Bipolar Disorder | 808 (16.5) | 176 (18.3) | 632 (16) | 0.0872 |
| Major Depressive Disorder | 1262 (25.8) | 287 (29.9) | 975 (24.8) | 0.0011 |
| Anxiety Disorder | 1640 (33.5) | 350 (36.5) | 1290 (32.8) | 0.0294 |
| Personality Disorder | 206 (4.2) | 50 (5.2) | 156 (4) | 0.0844 |
| Medical Comorbidities | ||||
| Asthma | 408 (8.3) | 84 (8.8) | 324 (8.2) | 0.5994 |
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 174 (3.6) | 42 (4.4) | 132 (3.4) | 0.1247 |
| Chronic Pain | 2574 (52.6) | 519 (54.1) | 2055 (52.2) | 0.2959 |
| COPD | 361 (7.4) | 64 (6.7) | 297 (7.5) | 0.3521 |
| Diabetes | 661 (13.5) | 127 (13.2) | 534 (13.6) | 0.7878 |
| Heart Failure | 170 (3.5) | 28 (2.9) | 142 (3.6) | 0.2955 |
| Hepatitis C | 700 (14.3) | 180 (18.8) | 520 (13.2) | < 0.0001 |
| HIV | 155 (3.2) | 38 (4) | 117 (3) | 0.1171 |
| Hypertension | 1343 (27.4) | 272 (28.3) | 1071 (27.2) | 0.479 |
| Pneumonia | 264 (5.4) | 64 (6.7) | 200 (5.1) | 0.0507 |
| Sleep Apnea | 120 (2.4) | 20 (2.1) | 100 (2.5) | 0.4125 |
| Prescriptions Before Overdose | ||||
| Benzodiazepines (BZ) | ||||
| No BZ before index | 3581 (73.1) | 721 (75.1) | 2860 (72.6) | 0.2714 |
| BZ in 6 months before index | 479 (9.8) | 90 (9.4) | 389 (9.9) | |
| BZ at time of index | 838 (17.1) | 149 (15.5) | 689 (17.5) | |
| Prescription Opioids | ||||
| No opioids before index | 2944 (60.1) | 620 (64.6) | 2324 (59) | 0.0001 |
| Opioids in 6 months before index | 1086 (22.2) | 214 (22.3) | 872 (22.1) | |
| Opioids at time of index | 868 (17.7) | 126 (13.1) | 742 (18.8) | |
| Health Service Utilization | ||||
| ED visit in prior 6 months | 2668 (54.5) | 600 (62.5) | 2068 (52.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Any psychosocial service in prior 6 months | 1482 (30.3) | 312 (32.5) | 1170 (29.7) | 0.0916 |
Note: Unless otherwise noted, all covariates were measured in the 6 months before index overdose.
a
Includes NJ Medicaid beneficiaries meeting study inclusion criteria.
b
Chi-square tests were used in bivariate analyses.