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. 2022 Mar 24;22:139. doi: 10.1186/s12870-022-03493-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Examples of basal stem rot (BSR) symptoms observed in the field and nursery. a Basal stem rot disease infected oil palm from Ganoderma boninense, showing Ganoderma fruiting bodies (G-fb) growing at the basal stem. b The severe and late-stage symptoms of BSR disease infection caused the stem to die, and the tree to fall. c The field condition of oil palms with BSR infection. d Healthy root (hr), (e) a root tip (rt) penetrating rubber woodblock (rwb) used for inoculating oil palm seedlings with G. boninense. f Oil palm root infected with G. boninense. g The arrest of root tip growth in an infected root of a susceptible oil palm seedling