Fig. 5.

Relative normalization of 12 genes associated in Ganoderma boninense infection in oil palm roots. The relative gene expression was measured in the roots of oil palm seedling at the time of symptoms occurrences. The expression patterns of targeted genes were normalized by the Actin-101 gene expression level. qPCR was carried out on susceptible control (SC), control resistant (CR), inoculated susceptible (IS), and inoculated resistant root samples. The statistical analysis was carried out by comparing the level of normalized relative expression using Log10 fold change at each different treatment to control samples using the F test analysis to determine the level of homogeneity of variance, followed by the t test to determine the significance. The levels of expression that differed significantly compared with controls were measured according to p < 0.05. The difference of expression level for each gene were analyzed using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at α = 0.05 was presented in STAR program