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. 2022 Mar 24;20:156. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01378-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — GPC3 is specifically expressed on the surface of HCC cells. A, B Immunofluorescence staining of the HCC biomarkers, GPC3 (green) and ARG1 (yellow), in Hep-G2 and THLE-3 cell lines. Scale bars = 100 µm. C, D, E Immunofluorescence staining of the HCC biomarkers, GPC3 (green) and ARG1 (yellow), in fibrotic, cirrhotic, and HCC tissues collected from a CCl₄-treated mouse model of liver cancer. Scale bars = 100 µm. F, G Immunofluorescence staining of the HCC biomarkers, GPC3 (green) and ARG1 (yellow), in human-derived normal liver and HCC tissues. H Quantitative analysis of Immunofluorescence staining of the HCC biomarkers in Hep-G2 and THLE-3 cell lines. I Quantitative analysis of Immunofluorescence staining of the HCC biomarkers in fibrotic, cirrhotic, and HCC tissues collected from a CCl4-treated mouse model of liver cancer. J Quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence staining of the HCC biomarkers in human-derived normal liver and HCC tissues. Scale bars = 100 µm. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns not significant