Table 1.
The features of the participants based on parity
| Characteristics | Parity | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–2 | 3–5 | ≥ 6 | ||
| Age (mean ± SD), years | 55.40 ± 5.28 (45–65) | 56.29 ± 5.68 (45–65) | 57.44 ± 5.46 (47–65) | 0.020 |
| Race (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 77.94 | 66.57 | 51.02 | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 9.47 | 11.94 | 16.48 | |
| Mexican American | 2.83 | 9.80 | 24.77 | |
| Other race | 9.76 | 11.70 | 7.73 | |
| Education level (%) | 0.004 | |||
| Less than high school | 13.08 | 18.30 | 37.54 | |
| High school | 28.67 | 28.30 | 33.78 | |
| More than high school | 58.25 | 53.40 | 28.68 | |
| Family PIR (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| < 1.3 | 11.20 | 17.57 | 43.60 | |
| 1.3 –3.5 | 24.25 | 33.99 | 32.89 | |
| ≥ 3.5 | 59.59 | 41.86 | 18.99 | |
| Not recorded | 4.96 | 6.58 | 4.52 | |
| BMI (mean ± SD), kg/m2 | 27.58 ± 6.00 (15.44–50.82) | 29.27 ± 6.33 (15.83–53.89) | 30.49 ± 6.25 (17.93–41.56) | < 0.001 |
| Total calcium (mean ± SD), mmol/L | 2.38 ± 0.09 (2.125–2.850) | 2.38 ± 0.09 (2.175–2.825) | 2.40 ± 0.08 (2.100-2.675) | 0.444 |
| Serum phosphorus (mean ± SD), mmol/L | 1.27 ± 0.16 (0.807–1.841) | 1.27 ± 0.17 (0.807–2.163) | 1.27 ± 0.12 (0.969–1.679) | 0.813 |
| Age at menarche (mean ± SD), years | 12.71 ± 1.72 (8–19) | 12.95 ± 1.55 (8–19) | 12.61 ± 1.75 (6–18) | 0.097 |
| Years since menopause (mean ± SD), years | 9.69 ± 7.83 (1–45) | 11.27 ± 8.90 (1–42) | 9.32 ± 6.96 (1–30) | 0.019 |
| Smoking behavior (%) | 0.505 | |||
| Current | 19.20 | 20.30 | 27.71 | |
| Former | 28.14 | 24.23 | 16.62 | |
| Never | 52.66 | 55.46 | 55.67 | |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-drinker | 17.60 | 27.95 | 41.64 | |
| Moderate drinker | 47.36 | 45.55 | 48.17 | |
| Heavy drinker | 35.04 | 26.50 | 10.19 | |
| PA (%) | 0.086 | |||
| Non-active | 35.37 | 42.77 | 40.28 | |
| Active | 64.63 | 57.23 | 59.72 | |
| HRT (%) | 0.007 | |||
| Currently using | 12.44 | 7.16 | 1.05 | |
| Previously used | 32.16 | 35.92 | 15.32 | |
| Never used | 55.40 | 56.92 | 83.63 | |
| Ever treated for osteoporosis (%) | 9.39 | 7.44 | 1.04 | 0.250 |
| Drug use (%) | 9.27 | 7.28 | 4.71 | 0.470 |
| Diabetes (%) | 8.05 | 11.67 | 17.92 | 0.160 |
| Arthritis (%) | 34.43 | 42.13 | 45.07 | 0.053 |
| Emphysema (%) | 1.15 | 1.64 | 1.55 | 0.820 |
| Chronic bronchitis (%) | 5.55 | 8.56 | 13.25 | 0.102 |
| Liver disease (%) | 3.89 | 3.23 | 0.00 | 0.558 |
| Kidney disease (%) | 2.29 | 1.99 | 2.84 | 0.935 |
| Thyroid disease (%) | 19.61 | 19.58 | 14.40 | 0.818 |
Mean ± SD and Min–Max for continuous variables and % for categorical variables