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. 2022 Mar 24;20:93. doi: 10.1186/s12957-022-02549-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Quality Assessment of included articles. This figure shows the result of assessing the included articles by “IHE’s quality appraisal checklist for assessing case-series studies.” A The detailed results of all 14 studies for the answers to the 20 questions in the checklist. B The distribution of answers for each question in the checklist. Y yes, U/P unclear/partial, N no