Table A2.
Studies reporting on 95‐95‐95 goal(s) meeting inclusion criteria for meta‐analysis (N=129)
| Study population | Study type | Dates | Country | Total number of study participants | 95‐95‐95 Goal reported | Proportion of men meeting 95‐95‐95 goal(s) | Quality criteria | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abah et al. (2016) | Individuals living with HIV initiated on NNRTI‐based ART, median age 34 years (interquartile range [IQR] 29–41 years) | Retrospective cohort study | 2009–2010 | Nigeria | 588 | Third | 0.89 | All criteria met |
| Abah et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV on first‐line ART, median age 34 years (IQR 29–41 years) | Retrospective cohort study | 2004–2012 | Nigeria | 12,115 | Third | 0.77 | All criteria met |
| Abongomera et al. (2017) | Individuals reporting HIV testing | Cross‐sectional study | 2015 | Uganda | 2124 | Second | 0.59 | Criteria partially met |
| Ahonkhai et al. (2015) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, median age 32 years (IQR 27–39 years) | Retrospective cohort study | 2009–2011 | Nigeria | 2496 | Second | 0.40 | All criteria met |
| Andronescu et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV initiating third‐line ART, median age 40 years (IQR 18–49 years) | Retrospective cohort study | 2012–2015 | Zambia | 80 | Third | 0.69 | Criteria partially met |
| Avong et al. (2015) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age 21–60 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2004–2010 | Nigeria | 502 | Third | 0.83 | All criteria met |
| Baltazar et al. (2015) | Men working in mines, age 23–68 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2012 | South Africa and Mozambique | 432 | First and second | 0.25 and 0.78 | Criteria partially met |
| Barak et al. (2019) | Individuals with median age 51 years (IQR 34–71 years) | Prospective review cohort study | 2015–2017 | Botswana | 1969 | Second | 0.68 | All criteria met |
| Barnabas et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV, age ≥18 years | Household‐randomized unblinded trial | 2016–2019 | South Africa and Uganda | 1315 | Third | 0.54 | All criteria met |
| Bhattacharjee et al. (2020) | Men who have sex with men (MSM), age ≥15 years | Cross‐sectional bio‐behavioural survey | 2019 | Kenya | 1200 | First and second | 0.38 and 0.86 | All criteria met |
| Billioux et al. (2015) | Individuals living with HIV initiated on first‐line ART, median age 33 years (IQR 28–40 years) | Prospective cohort study | 2005–2011 | Uganda | 1841 | Third | 0.91 | Criteria partially met |
| Billioux et al. (2017) | Individuals living with HIV enrolled in care, age 15–49 years | Retrospective longitudinal cohort study | 2013–2015 | Uganda | 3666 | First and third | 0.97 and 0.89 | Criteria partially met |
| Billioux et al. (2018) | Individuals living with HIV enrolled in care, age 15–49 years | Census surveillance cohort study | 2015–2016 | Uganda | 1554 | Third | 0.93 | Criteria partially met |
| Bock et al. (2016) | Individuals living with HIV, age 18–49 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2012 | Swaziland | 927 | Third | 0.86 | All criteria met |
| Borgdorff et al. (2018) | Individuals aged 15–64 years | Population‐based cross‐sectional survey study | 2011–2012 and 2016 | Kenya | 28,486 | First | 0.38 | Criteria partially met |
| Boyd et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV, age ≥15 years | Cross‐sectional report | 2018–2019 | Zambia | 248,002 | Second | 0.34 | Criteria partially met |
| Brooks et al. (2016) | Individuals living with HIV initiated on first‐line ART, median age 41 years (IQR 23–82 years) | Cross‐sectional study | 2012–2013 | Kenya | 333 | Third | 0.84 | Criteria partially met |
| Brown et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV enrolled in care, age ≥15 years | Prospective cohort study | 2014–2015 | Kenya and Uganda | 5683 | Second | 0.58 | All criteria met |
| Bulage et al. (2017) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, mostly aged 35+ years | Cross‐sectional study | 2014–2015 | Uganda | 100,678 | Third | 0.74 | All criteria met |
| Burgos‐Soto et al. (2020) | Individuals aged 15–69 years | Household‐based cross‐sectional survey study | 2016 | Uganda | 1738 | First, second and third | 0.86, 0.97 and 0.86 | All criteria met |
| Charurat et al. (2015) | MSM living with HIV, age ≥16 years | Prospective cohort study | 2013–2014 | Nigeria | 186 | Second | 0.31 | All criteria met |
| Cherutich et al. (2016) | Individuals living with HIV, age 15–64 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2012–2013 | Kenya | 617 | Third | 0.72 | All criteria met |
| Chikandiwa et al. (2019) | Men living with HIV, age ≥18 years | Prospective cohort study | 2011–2012 | South Africa | 304 | Third | 0.82 | Criteria partially met |
| Chikandiwa et al. (2020) | Men living with HIV, age ≥18 years | Prospective cohort study | 2012–2013 | South Africa | 304 | Second | 0.59 | All criteria met |
| Chimukangara et al. (2017) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, median age 43 years (95% CI 39–44 years) | Cross‐sectional study | 2014 | Zimbabwe | 143 | Third | 0.95 | Criteria partially met |
| Colombe et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV, median age 36 years (IQR 27–46 years) | Community‐based prospective cohort study | 2006–2016 | Tanzania | 175 | First | 0.82 | Criteria partially met |
| Conan et al. (2020) | Individuals age ≥15 years old | Population‐based cross‐sectional survey study | 2016 | Zimbabwe | 4979 | First, second and third | 0.80, 0.74 and 0.65 | Criteria partially met |
| Cornell et al. (2017) | Individuals living with HIV | Prospective cohort study | 2004–2015 | South Africa | 72,812 | Third | 0.83 | Criteria partially met |
| Crowell et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV, median age 35.7 years (IQR 29.7–42.7) years | Retrospective cohort study | 2013–2019 | Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Nigeria | 972 | Second | 0.18 | Criteria partially met |
| Czaicki et al. (2014) | Individuals age ≥16 years | Prospective cohort study | 2011–2012 | Zambia | 21,612 | Second | 0.16 | All criteria met |
| De Anda et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV, age ≥18 years old | Cross‐sectional study | 2015–2016 | Kenya | 1136 | First | 0.18 | Criteria partially met |
| Desta et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV, age ≥15 years | Retrospective cross‐sectional study | 2015–2019 | Ethiopia | 19,525 | Third | 0.7 | All criteria met |
| Dokubo et al. (2014) | Individuals living with HIV, age 15–49 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2009 | Mozambique | 1182 | First | 0.31 | All criteria met |
| Dorward et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age >15 years | Retrospective cohort study | 2016–2019 | South Africa | 4952 | Third | 0.93 | All criteria met |
| Fearon et al. (2020) | MSM and transgender individuals, age ≥18 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2017 | South Africa | 301 | First, second and third | 0.64, 0.51 and 0.74 | Criteria partially met |
| Fentie Wendie et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age ≥15 years old | Retrospective cohort study | 2018–2019 | Ethiopia | 384 | Third | 0.82 | All criteria met |
| Fogel et al. (2019) | MSM and transgender women (TGW) who have sex with men, age 18–44 years | Prospective cohort study | 2015–2016 | Kenya, Malawi and South Africa | 183 | First | 0.56 | All criteria met |
| Foley et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, median age 32 years (IQR 26–40) years | Prospective cohort study | – | Uganda | 657 | Third | 0.85 | Criteria partially met |
| Fonner et al. (2019) | Individuals age ≥18 years old | Cross‐sectional study | 2006 | Tanzania | 644 | First | 0.32 | All criteria met |
| Genberg et al. (2015) | Individuals living with HIV enrolled in care, median age 36 years (IQR 30–45 years) | Retrospective cohort study | 2004–2014 | Kenya | 3482 | First | 0.54 | All criteria met |
| Grobler et al. (2017) | Individuals aged 15–49 years | Household‐based cross‐sectional survey study | 2014–2015 | South Africa | 9812 | First, second and third | 0.50, 0.66 and 0.86 | All criteria met |
| Gumede et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV on second‐line ART mostly 25+ years | Prospective cohort study | 2014–2015 | South Africa | 825 | Third | 0.78 | Criteria partially met |
| Gumede et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on second‐line ART, median age 42 years (IQR 36–47 years) | Cross‐sectional study | 2018 | South Africa | 149 | Third | 0.59 | All criteria met |
| Gunda et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV on second‐line ART, median age 48 years (IQR 41–54 years) | Unmatched case–control study | 2017–2018 | Tanzania | 197 | Third | 0.82 | Criteria partially met |
| Gupta‐Wright et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age ≥18 years | Observational cohort study | 2015–2017 | Malawi | 1316 | Third | 0.62 | Criteria partially met |
| Haachambwa et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV, age ≥18 years | Prospective cohort study | 2017–2018 | Zambia | 239 | Second and third | 0.49 and 0.74 | Criteria partially met |
| Hailu et al. (2018) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age 10–63 years | Retrospective cohort study | 2008–2016 | Ethiopia | 260 | Third | 0.82 | Criteria partially met |
| Hakim et al. (2018) | MSM and TGW, age ≥18 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2014–2015 | Mali | 552 | First | 0.34 | Criteria partially met |
| Hakim et al. (2019) | Individuals age ≥13 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2011–2013 | Uganda | 12,233 | First | 0.33 | All criteria met |
| Halle et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV aged 22–82 years | Retrospective cohort study | 2007–2013 | Cameroon | 156 | Second | 0.64 | All criteria met |
| Hansoti et al. (2019) | Individuals mostly aged 20+ years | Cross‐sectional study | 2017–2018 | South Africa | 2901 | First, second and third | 0.59, 0.58 and 0.43 | Criteria partially met |
| Hansoti et al. (2019) | Individuals mostly aged 20+ years | Cross‐sectional serosurvey study | 2016 | South Africa | 2100 | Second | 0.55 | Criteria partially met |
| Hassan et al. (2014) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, median age 38.5 years (IQR 32.2–44.8 years) | Cross‐sectional study | 2008–2011 | Kenya | 232 | Third | 0.78 | All criteria met |
| Hayes et al. (2017) | Individuals age ≥18 years | Cluster randomized trial | 2013–2015 | Zambia | 121,130 | Second | 0.47 | Criteria partially met |
| Hayes et al. (2019) | Individuals aged 18–44 years | Community‐randomized trial | 2013–2018 | Zambia and South Africa | 48,301 | Third | 0.54 | All criteria met |
| Hensen et al. (2015) | Men aged 15–60 years | Cluster randomized stepped‐wedge trial | 2011–2012 | Zambia | 2828 | First | 0.43 | All criteria met |
| Herce et al. (2018) | MSM, TGW, and female sex workers (FSW), mostly >25 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2016–2017 | Malawi and Angola | 1924 | First | 0.18 | All criteria met |
| Hermans et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on first‐line ART, median age 35.7 years (IQR 29.9–43.0 years) | Retrospective cohort study | 2007–2018 | South Africa | 104,719 | Third | 0.78 | All criteria met |
| Hirasen et al. (2018) | Individuals living with HIV initiated on first‐line ART, median age 37.8 years (IQR 31.7–45.0 years) | Retrospective cohort study | 2011–2015 | South Africa | 3151 | Third | 0.75 | Criteria partially met |
| Hirasen et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age ≥18 years | Prospective cohort study | 2014–2017 | South Africa | 2410 | Third | 0.83 | Criteria partially met |
| Hladik et al. (2017) | MSM with median age 23 years (IQR 21–26 years) | Cross‐sectional study | 2012–2013 | Uganda | 608 | First | 0.2 | Criteria partially met |
| Holland et al. (2016) | MSM and FSW, age ≥18 years | Prospective cohort study | 2013 | Burkina Faso and Togo | 2738 | Second | 0.45 | Criteria partially met |
| Huerga et al. (2017) | Individuals aged 15–59 years | Cross‐sectional survey study | 2013 | South Africa | 5649 | Third | 0.85 | All criteria met |
| Huerga et al. (2018) | Individuals aged 15–59 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2013 | South Africa | 5649 | First and second | 0.68 and 0.68 | Criteria partially met |
| Iwuji et al. (2016) | Individuals aged ≥16 years | Cluster‐randomized trial | 2012–2014 | South Africa | 9927 | First | 0.7 | Criteria partially met |
| Jean et al. (2016) | Individuals aged 18–49 years | Cross‐sectional survey study | 2012 | South Africa | 6766 | Second | 0.43 | All criteria met |
| Joram et al. (2017) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age 2–80 years | Retrospective cohort study | 2013–2014 | Kenya | 1859 | Third | 0.43 | All criteria met |
| Joseph Davey et al. (2018) | Individuals living with HIV initiated on first‐line ART, median age 37.8 years (IQR 31.7–45.0 years) | Retrospective cohort study | 2004–2016 | South Africa | 244,370 | Third | 0.82 | Criteria partially met |
| Kagaayi et al. (2019) | Individuals aged 15–49 years | Population‐based prospective cohort study | 2016–2017 | Uganda | 8942 | Second | 0.78 | Criteria partially met |
| Kenyon et al. (2015) | Individuals living with HIV, age 15–59 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2011 | Uganda | 1495 | First | 0.35 | All criteria met |
| Keshinro et al. (2017) | Individuals living with HIV on first‐line ART, age ≥18 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2012 | Nigeria | 325 | Third | 0.88 | All criteria met |
| Kharsany et al. (2018) | Individuals aged 15–49 years | Cross‐sectional survey study | 2014–2015 | South Africa | 9812 | Third | 0.83 | Criteria partially met |
| Kharsany et al. (2019) | Individuals aged 15–49 years | Community‐based longitudinal study | 2014–2015 | South Africa | 20,048 | First and second | 0.55 and 0.72 | All criteria met |
| Kityo et al. (2014) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, mostly aged 30+ years | Open randomized trial | 2003–2009 | Uganda and Zimbabwe | 1896 | Third | 0.81 | Criteria partially met |
| Kiweewa et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV, age ≥18 years | Prospective cohort study | 2013–2017 | Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania | 2054 | Third | 0.91 | Criteria partially met |
| Kufa et al. (2018) | Individuals, median age 26 years (IQR 23–32 years) | Cross‐sectional study | 2017–2018 | South Africa | 1054 | First | 0.32 | Criteria partially met |
| Kunzweiler et al. (2018) | MSM living with HIV, median age 27 years (IQR 22–32 years) | Prospective cohort study | 2015–2016 | Kenya | 63 | Third | 0.71 | Criteria partially met |
| Lahuerta et al. (2018) | MSM, age ≥18 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2014–2015 | Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda and Tanzania | 552 | First | 0.1 | All criteria met |
| Lane et al. (2014) | MSM, age ≥18 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2012–2013 | South Africa | 605 | First | 0.23 | All criteria met |
| Lewis et al. (2019) | Individuals aged 15–49 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2015–2016 | South Africa | 10,236 | First | 0.62 | Criteria partially met |
| Liégeois et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, median age 41 years (IQR 35–49 years) | Cross‐sectional study | 2014 | Cameroon | 1700 | Third | 0.82 | All criteria met |
| Lippman et al. (2016) | Individuals aged 18–49 years | Population‐based household cross‐sectional survey study | 2014 | South Africa | 1044 | First and second | 0.48 and 0.33 | All criteria met |
| Lyons et al. (2017) | MSM and FSW, mostly aged 25+ years | Prospective cohort study | 2013–2016 | Senegal | 1482 | First, second and third | 0.13, 0.76 and 0.64 | Criteria partially met |
| MacKellar et al. (2019) | Individuals aged 18–49 years | Prospective longitudinal cohort study | 2014–2017 | Tanzania | 5067 | Second | 0.23 | All criteria met |
| Mafigiri et al. (2017) | Individuals aged 15–24 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2013–2014 | Uganda | 792 | Second | 0.07 | Criteria partially met |
| Maina et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age ≥18 years | Retrospective cohort study | 2017–2019 | Kenya | 549 | Third | 0.5 | All criteria met |
| Maman et al. (2015) | Individuals aged 15–59 years | Population‐based cross‐sectional study | 2012 | Kenya | 6076 | First | 0.55 | All criteria met |
| Maman et al. (2016) | Individuals aged 15–59 years | Retrospective nested cohort study | 2013 | Malawi | 7270 | First | 0.66 | All criteria met |
| Manne‐Goehler et al. (2019) | Individuals age ≥40 years | Prospective longitudinal cohort study | 2014–2015 | South Africa | 4560 | Second | 0.47 | Criteria partially met |
| Marinda et al. (2020) | Individuals age ≥15 years | Population‐based cross‐sectional survey study | 2017–2018 | South Africa | 36,627 | First, second and third | 0.78, 0.68 and 0.82 | Criteria partially met |
| Mbengue et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age ≥18 years | Prospective cohort study | 2012–2014 | South Africa | 353 | Third | 0.53 | All criteria met |
| Mekuria et al. (2016) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, mean age 37.7 years (SD 9.3 years) | Prospective cohort study | 2009–2013 | Ethiopia | 642 | Third | 0.92 | All criteria met |
| Merrill et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age 15–24 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2017–2018 | Zambia | 272 | Third | 0.59 | Criteria partially met |
| Meshesha et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on first‐line ART, age of cases and controls was 31.6 years (SD ±10.72) and 36.6 years (SD±9.48), respectively | Unmatched case–control study | 2016–2018 | Ethiopia | 389 | Third | 0.66 | All criteria met |
| Mogosetsi et al. (2018) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age ≥21 years | Prospective cohort study | 2012–2013 | South Africa | 98 | Third | 0.97 | All criteria met |
| Mokhele et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age ≥18 years | Retrospective cohort study | 2004–2014 | South Africa | 3685 | Third | 0.53 | Criteria partially met |
| Moyo et al. (2016) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age ≥18 years | Retrospective cohort study | 2007–2012 | South Africa | 13,475 | Third | 0.91 | All criteria met |
| Mshweshwe‐Pakela et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV, mostly age ≥30 years | Retrospective clinical review | 2017 | South Africa | 826 | Third | 0.77 | Criteria partially met |
| Muraguri et al. (2015) | MSM, age ≥18 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2010 | Kenya | 563 | First | 0.34 | Criteria partially met |
| Nakanyala et al. (2016) | Individuals, age ≥15 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2014–2015 | Namibia | 2163 | First, second and third | 0.41, 0.31 and 0.79 | Criteria partially met |
| Ndagijimana et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, median age 34 years (IQR 27–41 years) | Retrospective cohort study | 2012–2015 | Rwanda | 775 | Third | 0.82 | All criteria met |
| Nega et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on first‐line ART, age ≥10 years | Hospital‐based cross‐sectional study | 2018–2019 | Ethiopia | 295 | Third | 0.83 | All criteria met |
| Negash et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age 5–78 years | Hospital‐based cross‐sectional study | 2019 | Ethiopia | 393 | Third | 0.85 | Criteria partially met |
| Ng'ang'a et al. (2014) | Individuals aged 15–64 years | Population‐based cross‐sectional study | 2012–2013 | Kenya | 13,720 | First | 0.38 | All criteria met |
| Nnambalirwa et al. (2016) | Individuals living with HIV on first‐line ART, median age 36.7 years (IQR 31.5–43.3 years) | Retrospective cohort study | 2004–2011 | South Africa | 11,724 | Third | 0.84 | All criteria met |
| Novitsky et al. (2015) | Individuals aged 16–64 years | Community‐based open prospective cohort study | 2010–2013 | Botswana | 6238 | First | 0.66 | Criteria partially met |
| Novitsky et al. (2018) | Individuals living with HIV aged 16–29 years | Population‐based cross‐sectional study | 2013–2015 | Botswana | 552 | First, second and third | 0.87, 0.90 and 0.95 | Criteria partially met |
| Nsanzimana et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV on second‐line ART, median age 41 years (IQR 33–49 years) | Retrospective observational cohort study | 2004–2016 | Rwanda | 1688 | Third | 0.79 | All criteria met |
| Nuwagaba‐Biribonwoha et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV, age ≥18 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2013–2014 | South Africa | 2196 | First | 0.09 | Criteria partially met |
| Omooja et al. (2019) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, median age 36 years (IQR 30–44 years) | Cross‐sectional study | 2016–2017 | Uganda | 1169 | Third | 0.91 | Criteria partially met |
| Ondoa et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, mostly age ≥25 years | Prospective cohort study | 2008–2015 | Kenya, South Africa, Zambia, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and Uganda | 2420 | Third | 0.87 | Criteria partially met |
| Petersen et al. (2017) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age ≥15 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2013–2014 to 2015–2016 | Kenya and Uganda | 77,774 | Third | 0.87 | All criteria met |
| Pulerwitz et al. (2019) | Individuals aged 18–49 years | Population‐based cross‐sectional survey study | 2014 | South Africa | 2019 | Second | 0.79 | All criteria met |
| Ramadhani et al. (2018) | MSM, age ≥16 years | Community‐based prospective cohort study | 2013–2017 | Nigeria | 1506 | First, second and third | 0.58, 0.37 and 0.71 | Criteria partially met |
| Reynolds et al. (2018) | Men aged 20–34 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2016–2017 | Swaziland | 568 | Second | 0.96 | All criteria met |
| Rhead et al. (2019) | Men aged 15–54 years | Cross‐sectional survey study | 2012–2013 | Zimbabwe | 3116 | First and second | 0.47 and 0.77 | Criteria partially met |
| Riedel et al. (2018) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age 14–86 years | Retrospective cohort study | 2008–2010 | Rwanda | 531 | Third | 0.93 | All criteria met |
| Rohr et al. (2017) | Individuals age ≥40 years | Open cohort general‐population survey study | 2014–2015 | South Africa | 4560 | First | 0.55 | All criteria met |
| Ross et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, age ≥15 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2018 | Rwanda | 12,238 | Third | 0.91 | All criteria met |
| Shanaube et al. (2017) | Individuals age ≥18 years | Community‐randomized trial | 2013–2015 | Zambia | 101,102 | First | 0.59 | All criteria met |
| Ssemwanga et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on first‐line ART | Clinic‐based cross‐sectional survey study | 2017 | Uganda | 1611 | Third | 0.93 | All criteria met |
| Steiner et al. (2020) | Individuals age 18–49 years | Population‐based pre‐post cross‐sectional survey study | 2013–2014 | Tanzania | 5067 | Second | 0.22 | All criteria met |
| Thin et al. (2019) | Individuals age 15–59 years | Household‐based cross‐sectional survey study | 2016–2017 | Lesotho | 11,682 | First, second and third | 0.77, 0.77 and 0.92 | Criteria partially met |
| Twahirwa Rwema et al. (2020) | MSM and TGW age ≥ 18 years | Cross‐sectional bio‐behavioural survey study | 2018 | Rwanda | 736 | First, second and third | 0.61, 0.98 and 0.75 | All criteria met |
| Umar et al. (2019) | Adolescents and young adults living with HIV on ART, aged 13–24 years | Cross‐sectional study | 2016 | Malawi | 209 | Third | 0.53 | All criteria met |
| Villa et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV on ART, median age 48 years (IQR 42–54 years) | Prospective cohort study | 2018 | Ghana | 333 | Third | 0.39 | All criteria met |
| Wafula et al. (2014) | Individuals living with HIV, age 15–64 years | Population‐based household cross‐sectional survey study | 2012–2013 | Kenya | 363 | Second | 0.67 | All criteria met |
| Wirth et al. (2020) | Individuals age 16–64 years | Prospective longitudinal cohort study | 2013–2018 | Botswana | 10,791 | First, second and third | 0.78, 0.70 and 0.96 | Criteria partially met |
| Young et al. (2020) | Individuals living with HIV, age 15–64 years | Household‐based cross‐sectional survey study | 2012 | Kenya | 648 | First and second | 0.44 and 0.85 | Criteria partially met |