Table 2.

Mobile genetic elements in bacteria responsible for antibiotic resistance.

Bacterial Strains	Mobile Genetic Elements	Resistance to Antibiotics	References
E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii	Plasmid-encoded tigecycline resistance tet(X3) and tet(X4) genes.	Tigecycline	[42,43]
Pseudomonas spp.	Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (qnr) genes such as qnrD, qnrS, and aac(6’)-Ib-cr.	Quinolone	[37]
Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli and P. aeruginosa	Plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases genes blaCITM and blaDHAM genes	Beta-lactam antibiotics such as ceftazidime, cefepime, and cefoxitin	[38]
Enterobacterales	Tn7-like transposons such as Tn6813, Tn6814, and Tn6765.	Sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin	[45]
Acidaminococcus intestine	Beta-lactamase encoded gene aci-1 is found in transposons of in human microbiota, which causes resistance to β-lactam antibiotics.	Beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin	[39]
E. coli	Class 1 integrons associated with tetracycline-resistant genes tet(A) and tet(B).	Tetracycline	[40]
Bacteria such as E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae	Bacteriophage-carried resistance genes such as blaTEM, qnrA, mecA, and sul1.	Penicillin, quinolone, methicillin, sulfonamide	[50,53]
E. coli	ARGs were found in agricultural soil and fresh vegetables such as lettuce and cucumber, including blaTEM and qnrA.	Penicillin and quinolone	[54]
A. baumannii	Phage-carried antimicrobial resistance genes carbapenemase gene OXA-23 and New Delhi metallobeta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1).	Beta-lactam antibiotics such as carbapenem	[55]
E. coli	ESBL-encoding genes (e.g., blaCTX-M-15) in E. coli include at least three types of mobile elements including plasmids, bacteriophages, and transposon.	Beta-lactam antibiotics such as carbapenem	[56]