Table 2.

Targets or action model of curcumin in the inhibition of biofilm in various bacteria.

Bacteria Type	Targets or Action Model of Curcumin	References
Staphylococcus aureus	By inhibiting the activity of sortase A by interaction with VAL-168, LEU-169, and GLN-172 sites based on curcumin and its analog methoxyl group on the benzene ring	[30,57]
Enterococcus faecalis	Unclear	[54]
Listeria monocytogenes	By circumventing the limitations to singlet-oxygen diffusion imposed by the extracellular matrix	[36]
Bacillus cereus	Unclear	[35]
Helicobacter pylori	By inhibiting biofilm maturation	[38]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	By inhibiting the production of the QS-dependent factors, such as exopolysaccharide production, alginate production, swimming, and swarming motility of uropathogens	[30,58]
Escherichia coli	Similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[58]
Streptococcus mutans	By inhibiting sortase A activity; suppressing the expression of genes related to extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, adherence, and the two-component transduction system	[59,60,61]
Serratia marcescens	By inhibiting the production of violacein production in a QS-independent manner, as well as swimming and swarming motility.	[55]
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Unclear	[62]
Acinetobacter baumannii	By blocking BfmR, which is a response regulator in a two-component signal transduction system	[43]
Aeromonas hydrophila	Inhibition of violacein production and swimming motility	[53,63]
Porphyromonas gingivalis	By inhibiting the activities of Arg-- and Lys-specific proteinase (named RGP and KGP, respectively)	[45]