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. 2022 Mar 21;11(3):421. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11030421

Table 2.

Molecular classification of carbapenemase enzymes.

Class A Chromosomally
encoded—NmcA (not metalloenzyme carbapenemase A)
  • -

    SME (Serratia marcescens enzyme).

  • -

    IMI-1 (Imipenem-hydrolysing β-lactamase).

  • -

    SFC-1 (Serratia fonticola carbapenemase-1).
Plasmid encoded
  • -

    KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, KPC-2 to KPC-13).

    IMI (IMI-1 to IMI-3).

  • -

    GES (Guiana extended spectrum, GES-1 to GES-20).
Class B β-lactamases inhibited by EDTA
  • -

    NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1).

  • -

    IMP (Imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas).

  • -

    VIM (Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase).

  • -

    GIM (German imipenemase).

  • -

    SIM (Seoul imipenemase).
Class C Emerging class resistant to penicillin, oxyiminocephalosporins, cephamycins (cefoxitin and cefotetan), and, variably, to aztreonam.
  • -

    ACT (AmpC type).

  • -

    CMY (Cephamycinase).

  • -

    ADC (Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinase).
Class D β-lactamases poorly inhibited by EDTA or clavulanic acid
  • -

    OXA (Oxacillin-hydrolyzing carbapenemases).