Table 5.

ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties of E. spinosus major phenolic compounds.

Compounds	Absorption Level	Solubility Level	BBB Level	PPB Level	CPY2D6	Hepatotoxic	PSA-2D	Alog p98
Apigenin 6-arabinoside-8-glucoside	3	2	4	False	Inh.	Toxic	−1.90	252.25
Apigenin-6-arabinoside-8-galactoside	3	2	4	False	NI	NT	−1.86	252.25
Chlorogenic acid	3	4	4	False	NI	NT	−0.34	168.42
Coumaroyl-caffeoylquinic acid	3	3	4	False	NI	NT	1.93	194.66
Dicaffeoyl altraric acid	3	2	4	False	NI	NT	1.37	253.59
Dicaffeoylquinic acid	3	2	4	False	NI	NT	1.69	215.47
Hesperidin	3	2	4	False	NI	Toxic	−0.43	237.41
Hispidulin	0	3	3	False	NI	Toxic	2.39	97.61
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside	3	3	4	False	NI	Toxic	0.24	189.80
Naringenin-coumaroyl-glucosid	3	2	4	False	NI	NT	2.71	195.21
Naringenin	0	3	3	False	Inh.	Toxic	2.37	88.68
Neochlorogenic acid	3	4	4	False	NI	NT	−0.34	168.42
Rutin	3	1	4	False	NI	Toxic	−1.16	270.11
Tricaffeoyl-altraric acid	3	1	4	False	NI	NT	3.40	300.63

0, 1, 2, and 3 indicate good, moderate, low, and very low absorption, respectively; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 indicate extremely low, very low but possible, low, good, optimal, and too soluble, respectively; 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 denote very high, high, medium, low, and undefined penetration via BBB, respectively. PBB, plasma protein binding; false = less than 90%, true = more than 90%; NI: non-inhibitor; Inh.; inhibitor; NT: non-toxic.