Table 6.

TOPKAT prediction of E. spinosus major phenolic compounds.

Compounds	Ames Prediction	Rat Oral LD50	Rat Inhalational LD50	Rat Chronic LOAEL	Skin Irritancy	Ocular Irritancy	Rat Female NTP	Rat Male NTP	Aerobic Biodegradability
Apigenin 6-arabinoside-8-glucoside	Non-mutagen	3.88	10.20	0.12	None	Severe	Non-carcinogen	Non-carcinogen	Degradable
Apigenin-6-arabinoside-8-galactoside	Non-mutagen	1.96	7.20	0.06	None	Severe	Non-carcinogen	Carcinogen	Degradable
Chlorogenic acid	Non-mutagen	1.97	93.17	0.03	None	Moderate	Non-carcinogen	Non-carcinogen	Degradable
Coumaroyl-caffeoylquinic acid	Non-mutagen	1.70	33.23	0.02	None	Moderate	Non-carcinogen	Non-carcinogen	Degradable
Dicaffeoyl altraric acid	Non-mutagen	7.98	9.59	0.27	None	Severe	Non-carcinogen	Non-carcinogen	Degradable
Dicaffeoylquinic acid	Non-mutagen	2.06	19.41	0.02	None	Moderate	Non-carcinogen	Non-carcinogen	Degradable
Hesperidin	Non-mutagen	2.89	39.63	0.05	None	Mild	Non-carcinogen	Non-carcinogen	Degradable
Hispidulin	Non-mutagen	0.47	3646.74	0.06	None	Moderate	Non-carcinogen	Carcinogen	Non-degradable
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside	Non-mutagen	1.36	100.48	0.03	None	Moderate	Non-carcinogen	Non-carcinogen	Degradable
Naringenin-coumaroyl-glucosid	Non-mutagen	2.46	72.35	0.01	None	None	Non-carcinogen	Non-carcinogen	Degradable
Naringenin	Non-mutagen	1.58	3435.69	0.08	None	Mild	Non-carcinogen	Carcinogen	Non-degradable
Neochlorogenic acid	Non-mutagen	1.97	93.17	0.03	None	Moderate	Non-carcinogen	Non-carcinogen	Degradable
Rutin	Non-mutagen	2.01	14.28	0.10	None	Mild	Non-carcinogen	Carcinogen	Degradable
Tricaffeoyl-altraric acid	Non-mutagen	11.14	1.79	0.22	None	Severe	Non-carcinogen	Non-carcinogen	Degradable

Both rat chronic LOAEL and rat oral LD50 are measured in g/kg bw; meanwhile, rat inhalational LD50 is measured in mg/m³/h.