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. 2022 Mar 21;12(6):795. doi: 10.3390/ani12060795

Table 1.

Dry matter intake, milk production, and energy balance during the first month postpartum (PP), and plasma concentrations of metabolic and stress indicators during the peripartum period in cows calving during winter or summer.

Winter Summer SEM p
Dry matter intake 30 d, kg/d 25.0 a 18.5 b 0.8 <0.0001
Milk production 30 d, kg/d 41.7 37.5 1.7 0.11
Fat corrected milk (4%) 30 d, kg/d 40.7 a 34.0 b 1.9 0.02
Energy balance 30 d, Mcal/d 0.6 a −4.5 b 1.7 0.01
NEFAs, µEq/L 414.0 437.0 47.7 0.74
Insulin, pg/mL 20.1 14.2 2.0 0.06
Cortisol, ng/mL 7.8 6.8 1.8 0.69
MDA, µM 224.3 388.2 91.6 0.25
TNF-α, pg/mL 375.8 b 1289.3 a 161.6 0.001

NEFAs = Non-esterified fatty acids; MDA = Malondialdehyde; TNF-α = Tumor necrosis factor alpha. a,b Different letters within a row are significant at p ≤ 0.05.