Table 1.
Winter | Summer | SEM | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter intake 30 d, kg/d | 25.0 a | 18.5 b | 0.8 | <0.0001 |
Milk production 30 d, kg/d | 41.7 | 37.5 | 1.7 | 0.11 |
Fat corrected milk (4%) 30 d, kg/d | 40.7 a | 34.0 b | 1.9 | 0.02 |
Energy balance 30 d, Mcal/d | 0.6 a | −4.5 b | 1.7 | 0.01 |
NEFAs, µEq/L | 414.0 | 437.0 | 47.7 | 0.74 |
Insulin, pg/mL | 20.1 | 14.2 | 2.0 | 0.06 |
Cortisol, ng/mL | 7.8 | 6.8 | 1.8 | 0.69 |
MDA, µM | 224.3 | 388.2 | 91.6 | 0.25 |
TNF-α, pg/mL | 375.8 b | 1289.3 a | 161.6 | 0.001 |
NEFAs = Non-esterified fatty acids; MDA = Malondialdehyde; TNF-α = Tumor necrosis factor alpha. a,b Different letters within a row are significant at p ≤ 0.05.