Figure 2.

Schematic representation of mitochondrial biogenesis pathways of influence and of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antihyperlipidemic medication, such as fibrates and antihyperglycemic medication, such as thiazolidinedione derivatives, activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and α (PPARα, PPARγ), respectively, and determine the onset of mitogenesis and the decrease in ROS levels. Similarly, caloric restriction or physical effort, via activation of the same receptors, following the activation of 5′ protein kinase by the AMP (AMPK) pathway, lead to the same processes.