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. 2022 Mar 17;11(3):572. doi: 10.3390/antiox11030572

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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In cellular homeostasis, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf-2) stabilizes by attaching to Keap-1 in the cytoplasm. The appearance of a stressor/reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator, under the action of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase–protein kinase B (PI3K–Akt system), the thiol (-SH) groups belonging to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap-1) are oxidized (S-S cross links). This leads to Nrf-2 dissociation and translocation in the nucleus, where it attaches to a specific sequence, antioxidant responsive element (ARE), thus increasing cellular antioxidant activity.