Figure 5.

Mitochondrial dynamics through the 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (AMPK-PGC-1α) system, with increased expression of nuclear factor erythroid 1-related factor (Nrf-1), nuclear factor erythroid 1-related factor (Nrf-2), myocyte enhancer factor-2 (Mef2), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). At the same time, in the AMPK pathway, an improvement in glycemic status can be observed, through translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in the cellular membrane. Regarding the immune system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) enhance the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kB), which further favors interleukin and cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor, TNF).