Table 1.
Other effects related to excessive supplementation with different antioxidants.
| Antioxidant Agent (Large Doses That Exceed Recommended Daily Doses) | Other Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | Birth defects/teratogenicity | [231,232,233] |
| Increases triglycerides, total cholesterol, decreases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) | [234,235] | |
| Hip fracture, osteoporosis? | [236,237,238] | |
| β-carotene | Lung cancer in smokers | [239] |
| Vitamin C | Kidney stones | [240,241] |
| Cardiovascular disease? | [242,243,244] | |
| Free radical generation? | [12,245] | |
| Vitamin E | Prostate cancer | [246] |
| Increased hemorrhagic stroke? | [233] | |
| Decreased birth weight | [247] | |
| Lung cancer in smokers | [239,248] | |
| Selenium | Prostate cancer | [249] |
| Hashimoto’s thyroiditis? | [250,251] | |
| Zinc | Impaired lipoprotein metabolism | [252] |
| Impaired immune response |
? indicates evasive/inconclusive data.