Table 2.

Serum protein concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, C3a complement component, soluble cell adhesion molecules, and endoglin responses to a 7-day high-salt diet in healthy young individuals.

Parameter (pg/mL)	LS	HS
N (F/M)	30 (15/15)
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
IFNγ	1.26 [0.76–1.58]	1.80 [1.31–4.85] *
TNF-α	7.55 ± 12.27	14.49 ± 16.23 *
IL-6	2.24 [1.35–3.18]	2.82 [1.93–3.53]
IL-9	0.09 [0.05–0.23]	0.19 [0.11–3.49] *
IL-17A	1.52 [0.89–4.67]	2.02 [1.56–12.2] *
IL-23	0.05 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.02
Anti-inflammatory (immunomodulatory) cytokines
IL-10	0.44 [0.27–0.66]	0.68 [0.44–3.60] *
IL-21	168.2 ± 210.5	281.6 ± 296.8
IL-22	1.39 [1.10–2.18]	1.88 [1.29–3.21]
TGF-β1	36.6 ± 33.0	49.7 ± 31.6 *
C3a Complement Component	202.3 ± 159.4	204.5 ± 178.0
Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules
sICAM-1	1108 [444–1623]	968 [537–1558]
sVCAM-1	3342 [2195–4808]	3230 [2524–4024]
E-selectin (CD-62E)	132.4 ± 47.5	130.5 ± 39.3
Endoglin	1753 [1118–2679]	1709 [1337–2599]

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) (normally distributed data) or median and interquartile range (non-normally distributed data). LS—low salt; HS—high-salt; N—number of subjects; F—female; M—male; IFNγ—interferon gamma; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6—interleukin 6; IL-9—interleukin 9; IL-17A—interleukin 17A; IL-23—interleukin 23; IL-10—interleukin 10; IL-21; interleukin 21; IL-22—interleukin 22; TGF-β1—transforming growth factor beta; cICAM-1—soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1; sVCAM-1—soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. * p < 0.05 LS vs. HS (Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test).