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Mitochondrial dysfunction in DKD. Whether the level of mitochondrial ROS is increased or decreased is controversial and can vary depending on the stage of DKD. OXPHOS, mitophagy and biogenesis are generally decreased. Increased fission and decreased fusion causes fragmentation of mitochondria. OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation, ROS: reactive oxygen species, ↑: increased, ↓: decreased.
