Table 2.
A summary of the IC50 values, luminescent properties, and special features of ruthenium(II) complexes: TDL1433, where N^N = 44BPY [50]; similar complex RU1, where N^N = BPY [52]; heteroleptic Ru(II) complex RU3 [54]; 21-carbon alkyl chain complexes RU4a, where N^N = PHEN, and RU4b, where N^N = TAP [55]; piano stool complexes RU5 [56] and RU6 [57]; cyclometallated complexes RU8a, where N^N = 44BPY [59], and RU8b, where N^N = BPY [60]; and Eu linked ruthenium complex RU16 [68].
| Ru Complex |
HeLa IC50 | SK-MEL-28 IC50 | Luminescence | Special Features | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dark | Light (Irradiation nm) | Dark | Light (Irradiation nm) | λEm (nm) | λEx (nm) | ||
| TDL1433 | 137 ± 3 | 1.9 ± 0.1 (400-700) | 525 | Optimized clinical procedure and completion of human clinical trials. | |||
| RU1 | 36.5 ± 3.0 | 3.1 ± 0.6 (420) | 620 | 420 | Photosensitizers for one- and two-photon PDT. | ||
| RU3 | 123 ± 3.62 | 3.77 ± 0.18 | 557/640 | 413 | Activated at multiple wavelengths; tracking possible both before and after photo treatment. | ||
| RU4a | 13 ± 2 | 0.47 ± 0.01 ** | 614 | 440 | Shows how modification of ancillary ligand and lipophilicity enhances therapeutic effect. | ||
| RU4b | 11 ± 3 | 2 ± 1 ** | 643 | 418 | |||
| RU6 | 83.1 ± 6.2 * | 34.1 ± 2.4 (460) | 500 | 355 | Slight variations in structure led to phototoxic or other photoactivated complexes. | ||
| RU6 | 31.3 ± 4.5 | 11.5 ± 2.5 (488) | 534 | 440 | Tagged with napthalamide derivative to target DNA. | ||
| RU8a | >300 | 12.0 ± 0.4 (633) | 805 | 540 | More lipophilic and absorption; more red-shifted than their non-cyclometallated counterparts. | ||
| RU8b | >300 | 16.6 ± 1.53 (625) | 728 | 550 | |||
| RU16 | 277.0 ± 7.1 | 32.5 ± 8.2 (488) | 570-750 | 350 | The linker could be irradiated at different wavelengths for different functionalization (prodrug activation or fluorescence). | ||
* Using A549, as neither HeLa nor SK-MEL-28 were tested; ** no wavelength specified—“18 J cm−2 of light”.