Table 3.
Transgenic analysis of the function of plant hydroxylase genes in the formation of flavonoids.
| Gene | Gene source | Target plant | Methods | Impact | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F3 ′H | Grapevine | Petunia | Overexpression (OE) | Quercetin ↑; peonidin ↑ | 81 |
| Grapevine | Gene silencing | Peonidin ↓; seed tannin ↓ | 89 | ||
| Sorghum | Arabidopsis tt7 mutant | OE | Quercetin ↑; cyanidin ↑; condensed tannin ↑ | 82 | |
| Apple | Arabidopsis tt7 mutant | OE | Cyanidin ↑; pelargonidin ↑; quercetin ↑ | 83 | |
| Tobacco | OE | Cyanidin ↑; quercetin ↑ | |||
| Ginkgo biloba L. | Populus | OE | Epigallocatechin ↑; gallocatechin ↑; catechin ↑ | 90 | |
| F3 ′5′H | Potato | Potato | OE | Petunidin ↑ | 93 |
| Gene silencing | Anthocyanins↓; kaempferol ↑ | 98 | |||
| Pea | Pea | Gene silencing | Delphinidin↓; petunidin↓ | 95 | |
| Grapevine | Petunia | OE | Malvidin ↑; quercetin ↑ | 81 | |
| Tea | Tobacco | OE | Delphinin ↑; cyanidin ↑ | 96 | |
| F3H | Apple | Apple | Gene silencing | Flavanones ↑ | 109 |
| Lycium chinense | Tobacco | OE | Flavanols ↑ | 104 | |
| Tea | Arabidopsis | OE | Flavonols ↑; oligomeric proanthocyanins ↑ | 105 | |
| Tobacco | OE | Flavanols ↑ | 110 | ||
| Tomato | are Tomato mutant | OE | Anthocyanins ↑; flavonols ↑ | 111 | |
| Soya bean | Soya bean | CRISPR/Cas9 | Isoflavone ↑ | 113 | |
| F6H | Scutellaria baicalensis | S. baicalensis | Gene silencing | Baicalein↓; baicalin↓ | 118 |
| Arabidopsis | OE | Baicalein ↑ | |||
| F8H | S. baicalensis | S. baicalensis | Gene silencing | Wogonin↓; wogonoside↓ | 118 |
| Arabidopsis | OE | Norwogonin ↑ |