Figure 4.

FLCs as inflammatory biomarkers of diabetes. Risk factors of diabetes such as viral infection, hyperglycemia and obesity activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which regulates transcription of immunoglobulin-free light chains in the immunoglobulin-producing B cells and plasma cells and production of many inflammatory molecules, leading to inflammation. Thus, FLCs were proposed to be biomarkers of NF-κB activation and inflammation. Metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists inhibit NF-κB activation and inflammation, and SGLT2 inhibitors and anti-IL-1 therapy inhibit inflammation.