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. 2022 Feb 23;16(3):3506–3521. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07723

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Uptake efficiency of cell-penetrating peptide-based DNA cargos into plant cells after foliar application. (a) Foliar application of plasmid DNA (pDNA) into A. thaliana leaf cells mediated by cell-penetrating peptide (CPP; KH9-BP100). The pBI221/KH9-BP100 complexes formed in aqueous solution and were applied onto leaves using a spray atomizer. (b) GUS activity in leaves at 24 h after spraying with a solution containing pDNA/CPP complexes. The distributions of GUS activity in at least 20 sprayed leaves are shown as a box plot. (c) Histochemical staining of GUS reporter in leaves sprayed with pDNA/CPP complex solution. (d, e) GUS activity and histological staining of GUS reporter in Glycine max (soybean) leaves transfected with pDNA/CPP complex via spraying. Scale bar in panel e is 500 μm. The distributions of GUS activity in at least 16 sprayed leaves are shown as a box plot. Dots represent individual data points. Different letters indicate significant differences in GUS activity, as analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD test at p = 0.05.