Group I served as the control; the animals received 0.9% NaCl (physiological saline).

Group II was given 500 mg/kg of MoO3-NPs dispersed in saline.

Group III was administered with CdCl2 at a dose of 5 mg/kg dissolved in physiological saline [23].

Group IV was given royal jelly (RJ; 85 mg/kg diluted in saline; this dose is equivalent to 250 mg crude RJ) [24].

Group V received MoO3-NPs as the first dosage, followed by RJ 30 min after the MoO3-NPs were administered.

Group VI was given CdCl2 first, followed by RJ, as previously described.

Group VII was treated with a combination of MoO3-NPs and CdCl2, followed by RJ treatment at the same dosages (Figure 1). All animals were treated orally for 30 consecutive days.