Table 1.

Oral microbioma in several autoimmune diseases.

Disease	Microbiota Changes	References
Rheumatoid arthritis	Veillonella increased in saliva of RA; Lactobacillus salivarius overrepresented in saliva, mostly in very active disease; Atopobium spp., Cryptobacillum curtum enriched in saliva and dental plaque Rothia mucilaginosa-like enriched in dental plaque and saliva; R. dentocariosa enriched in dental plaque Butyrivibrio spp., Atopobium parvulum, Prevotella spp., Solobaterium moorei, Centipeda sp., Veillonella spp., in RA Anaeroglobus geminatus correlated with ACPA and rheumatoid factor in saliva Hemophilus spp. depleted	[95,101,102]
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis	Solobacterium, Mogibacterium and TM7-G1 enriched in saliva	[105]
Ankylosing spondylitis	Brucella spp. and Campylobacter concisus, Clostridia such as Veillonellaceae increased in saliva Streptococcus depleted in saliva	[97,113]
	The saliva of AS patients enriched in Veillonella spp., Brucella spp., Campylobacter concisus and depleted in Streptococcus spp.	[113]
Sjogren’s syndrome	Lactobacillus spp., S. mutans, Candida albicans increased in supragingival plaque Fusobacterium decreases on the tongue Capnocytophaga ochracea derived microbial peptides can activate Ro60-reactive T cells	[109,118]
Systemic lupus erythematosus	Fretibacterium, Prevotella nigrescens, Selenomonas spp. are increased, associated with local release of IL-6, IL-17, IL-33 Lactobacillae, Veillonaceae and Moraxellaceae increased, while Corynebacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Halomonadaceae and Xanthomonadaceae decreased	[111,119]
Systemic scle rosis	Lactobacillus spp. are reduced significantly on the tongue, the oral mucosa, mainly in the diffuse form of disease	[92]
Behçet’s disease	Streptococcus spp. increased on oral mucosa, in saliva and dental plaque, Rothia dentocariosa increased in non-ulcer sites Hemophilus parainfluenzae increased in saliva Bifidobacter dentium, Prevotella histicola, Candida albicans increased in saliva in active disease Alloprevotella rava, Campylobacter concisus, Clostridiales spp. Neisseria spp. depleted in the saliva	[116,117,120]
Henoch-Schön lein purpura	Higher oral microbial diversity and richness, with dominance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes	[121]